The Pukhtun of Swat in Northern Pakistan refer to Islam to justify the local practice of polygamy and female subordination. However, a survey of Islamic law shows its intent is far more egalitarian than Pukhtun practice. Using a mixture of case studies and statistical evidence, this paper argues that in Swat husbands take second wives mainly in a spirit of revenge, reflecting the endemic hostil...

in iran, most mountainous watersheds do not have enough hydrometery stations and defective stations have sparse data. because of limited availability of hydrologic data, watershed modeling plays a crucial role in development of local resources. in this study, swat was applied to simulate runoff in marun dam (idanak) watershed, a sub-basin of marun catchment. calibration and sensivity analyses w...

Complex environmental models are controlled by a high number of parameters. Accurately estimating the values of all these parameters is almost impossible. Sensitivity analysis (SA) results enable the selection of the parameters to include in a calibration procedure, but can also assist in the identification of the model processes. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis can yield crucial informati...

Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a widely used model for runoff, non-point source pollution, other complex hydrological processes under changing environments (groundwater flow, evapotranspiration, snow melting, etc.). This paper reviews the key characteristics applications of SWAT. Since its inception in 1990s, there has been significant increase number articles related to SWAT model. I...

Abstract Inflow forecast plays an indispensable role in reservoir operation. Accuracy and effectiveness of model prediction play a decisive it. In this paper, the certainty coefficient, root mean square error (RMSE), absolute deviation (MAE) Nash-Suthcliffe coefficient (NSE) are used to consider effect Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Xin'anjiang (XAJ) on inflow Jinxi Reservoir. Results indica...

The size, scale, and number of subwatersheds can affect a watershed modeling process and subsequent results. The objective of this study was to determine the appropriate level of subwatershed division for simulating sediment yield. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model with a geographic information system interface (AVSWAT) was applied to four Iowa watersheds that varied greatly in dr...