Over the past several years, there has been an increasing interest in the biological phenomena of symbiosis by those in complex adaptive systems and evolutionary computation. We describe in this paper some of the caveats involved in modeling or using biological symbiosis as a computational metaphor. We specifically consider some of the common philosophical viewpoints on symbiosis and comment on...

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is an intimate and ancient symbiosis found between most of terrestrial plants and fungi from the Glomeromycota family. Later during evolution, the establishment of the nodulation between legume plants and soil bacteria known as rhizobia, involved several genes of the signaling pathway previously implicated for AM symbiosis. For the past years, the identific...

The majority of plants are able to form the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis in association with AM fungi. During symbiosis development, plant cells undergo a complex reprogramming resulting in profound morphological and physiological changes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important components of the regulatory network of plant cells. To unravel the impact of miRNAs and miRNA-mediated mRNA cleava...

to evaluate the effects of mycorrhiza symbiosis in increased tolerance to drought stress in wheat (triticum aestivum) an outdoor greenhouse experiment was conducted at islamic azad university, sabzevar branch in 2012-2013. experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. factors were: mycorrhiza fungi type (glomus mosseae, glomus i...