We present a new approach to automated reasoning about higher-order programs by endowing symbolic execution with a notion of higher-order, symbolic values. To validate our approach, we use it to develop and evaluate a system for verifying and refuting behavioral software contracts of components in a functional language, which we call soft contract verification. In doing so, we discover a mutual...

Numerov-type ODE Solvers are widely used for the numerical treatment of second order initial value problems. In this work we present a powerful and efficient symbolic code in Mathematica for the derivation of their order conditions and principal truncation error terms. The relative tree theory for such order conditions is presented along with the elements of combinatorial mathematics, partition...

A symbolic dynamic programming approach for solving first-order Markov decision processes within the situation calculus is presented. As an alternative specification language for dynamic worlds the fluent calculus is chosen and the fluent calculus formalization of the symbolic dynamic programming approach is provided. The major constructs of Markov decision processes such as the optimal value f...

In this paper we have proposed the use of multi-level knowledge representation techniques for Geographic Information Systems. We believe that adopting different levels of representations can significantly improve the functionality and efficiency of a system. Although we have presented symbolic arrays as a medium for organising spatial knowledge, this is by no means the only way for structuring ...

we need sociology theories, for that understand of sociology and politic problems. french sociologist pierre bourdieu's theory practice and symbolic power are our best resource; for understanding social and political fields. this article reviews the language and symbolic power; indicating its function in social and political fields. we need sociology theories, for that understand of sociol...

In this paper we have proposed the use of multi-level knowledge representation techniques for Geographic Information Systems. We believe that adopting different levels of representations can significantly improve the functionality and efficiency of a system. Although we have presented symbolic arrays as a medium for organising spatial knowledge, this is by no means the only way for structuring ...

What are the key cognitive factors that characterize the potential difference between symbolic and nonsymbolic representations of numerical magnitude, and can individual variability in such factors be used to predict differences in more complex mathematical processes? We suggest that the availability of information about relative numerical order is a critical factor that distinguishes symbolic ...

A new constrained model is discussed as a way of incorporating efficiently a priori expert knowledge into a clustering problem of a given individual set. The first innovation is the combination of fusion constraints, which request some individuals to belong to one cluster, with exclusion constraints, which separate some individuals in different clusters. This situation implies to check the exis...

This paper proposes a new data structure called relative spatial distance (RSD) matrix, useful for the representation of symbolic images. RSD matrix is constituted by the relative spatial distances between the iconic objects in the symbolic image. A set of triplets constituted by the pair -wise relative spatial distances between iconic objects forms the surrogate representation of the symbolic ...