normal 0 false false false en-us x-none ar-sa microsoftinternetexplorer4 background : lichen planus is recognized as an inflammatory disease of the skin with different morphologic patterns. different treatment modalities, including topical and systemic corticosteroids, methotrexate, cyclosporine, azathioprine, topical calcineurin inhibitors, and psoralen  plus uva ( puva), have been suggested f...

Non-systemic drugs act within the intestinal lumen without reaching the systemic circulation. The first generation included polymeric resins that sequester phosphate ions, potassium ions, or bile acids for the treatment of electrolyte imbalances or hypercholesteremia. The field has evolved towards non-absorbable small molecules or peptides targeting luminal enzymes or transporters for the treat...

For all drugs, the therapeutic ratio, i.e., the difference between therapeutic effect and adverse effect, should be as large as possible. When focusing on drugs used in the treatment of asthma, particularly beta 2-agonists and corticosteroids, the therapeutic ratio of these drugs can be considered to be the degree of separation of their effects on lung function from their systemic effects. This...

BACKGROUND Sales data indicate a major increase in the prescription of antifungal drugs in the last two decades. Many new agents for systemic use that only recently have become available are likely to be prescribed intensively in acute care hospitals. Sales data do not adequately describe the developments of drug use density. Given the concerns about the potential emergence of antifungal drug r...

OBJECTIVE The main objectives are to present the different adverse effects of the immunomodulatory drugs that can impair the quality of life of the immunosuppressed patients and study the impact of immunomodulation on oral diseases. Immunomodulatory drugs have changed the treatment protocols of many diseases where immune functions play a central role, such as rheumatic diseases. Their effect on...

INTRODUCTION Scleritis is a rare, progressive and serious disease, the signs of which are inflammation and edema of episcleral and scleral tissues and is greatly associated with systemic rheumatoid diseases. PURPOSE To perform a prospective and comparative study between ophthalmologic manifestations, serologic findings and therapeutic response of patients with isolated scleritis and scleritis...

Background and Purpose: To the best of our knowledge, no information is available regarding the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis in gynecological practices. The goal of this study was to analyze the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and the drugs prescribed for the treatment of this condition in women followed in gynecological practices in Germany. Materials and Methods: All th...