honey bees as other animal creatures require water and nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water for their maintenance, growth and reproduction. they normally obtain their nutritional requirements from flowers, but at times when there aren,t sufficient flowers available(fall, late winter and early spring) they need supplemental feeding to prevent their bei...

Floral color changes and retention of old flowers are frequently combined phenomena restricted to the floral guide or single flowers in few-flowered inflorescences. They are thought to increase the attractiveness over long distances and to direct nearby pollinators toward the rewarding flowers. In Tibouchina pulchra, a massively flowering tree, the whole flower changes its color during anthesis...

R2R3-MYB transcription factors (TFs) are involved in diverse aspects of plant biology. Recently an R2R3-MYB was identified in Petunia x hybrida line P720 to have a role in the transcriptional regulation of floral volatile production. We propose a more foundational role for the R2R3-MYB TF EMISSION OF BENZENOIDS II (EOBII). The homolog of EOBII was isolated and characterized from P. x hybrida 'M...

Phytophagous insects use a wide range of indicators or associated cues to avoid laying eggs in sites where offspring survival is low. For insects that lay eggs in flowers, these unsuitable sites may be created by the host plant's resource allocation to flowers. In the sequentially flowering host plant, Yucca glauca, late-opening distal flowers are more likely to be aborted in the presence of al...

Yeasts are ubiquitous in terrestrial and aquatic microbiota, yet their ecological functionality remains relatively unexplored in comparison with other micro-organisms. This paper formulates and tests the novel hypothesis that heat produced by the sugar catabolism of yeast populations inhabiting floral nectar can increase the temperature of floral nectar and, more generally, modify the within-fl...

The genus Tanacetum is one of the most important medicinal plants that contains 26 species in Iran, 12 of them are endemic. This paper reports the essential oil composition of  Tanacetum angulatum Willd. Tanacetum canacens DC. and Tanacetum pinnatum Boiss. growing wild in Iran. Plant flowers and leaves were collected from different locations of North- West of Iran. Samples were hydro-distilled ...

Australian crab spiders Thomisus spectabilis manipulate visual flower signals to lure introduced Apis mellifera. We gave Australian native bees, Austroplebia australis, the choice between two white daisies, Chrysanthemum frutescens, one of them occupied by a crab spider. The colour contrast between flowers and spiders affected the behaviour of native bees. Native bees approached spider-occupied...

the genus tanacetum is one of the most important medicinal plants that contains 26 species in iran, 12 of them are endemic. this paper reports the essential oil composition of  tanacetum angulatum willd. tanacetum canacens dc. and tanacetum pinnatum boiss. growing wild in iran. plant flowers and leaves were collected from different locations of north- west of iran. samples were hydro-distilled ...

A vector that produces DNA replicons (multicopy plant episomes) was constructed using elements of the geminivirus tobacco yellow dwarf virus (TYDV). All plant cells contain an integrated chromosomal T-DNA copy of the TYDV elements that provides a template for the production of episomes in the cell nucleus. Transgenic Petunia hybrida plants containing a CaMV 35S promoter-driven chalcone synthase...

Drosophila speciosa sp. nov. from: Belém, Pará, Brazil, is described and morphologically compared to a closely related species, D. aguape Val & Marques, 1996. Adult specimens of D. speciosa sp. nov. were collected while visiting T. speciosum Willd. ex Spreng. flowers in EMBRAPA’s Theobroma Linnaeus germoplasm collections (113 individuals) in Belém and in Caxiuanã Scientific Station, in Melgaço,...