This paper investigates the effect of improved market access on worldwide innovation. Using exogenous changes in tariffs in firms’ export markets during the 1990s, we find a large effect of tariff cuts on innovation as measured by patent data. These effects are not driven by the deterioration of innovation quality, and the results are robust to controlling for changes in the patent system and t...

We show that the Brazilian trade liberalization in early 1990s led to a permanent relative decline vote share of left-wing presidential candidates regions more affected by tariff cuts. This happened even though shock, implemented right-wing party, induced contraction manufacturing and formal employment regions, despite left’s identification with protectionist policies. To rationalize this respo...

Firstly we shall introduce the development situation of China’s textile industry from international trade perspective, and then analyze the current international trade competition focusing on international trade barriers which consist of tariff and non-tariff barriers respectively. Finally we propose that increasing non-tariff barriers to China’s textile exportation are due to lower tariff, tra...

that restrict trade between countries in agricultural commodities. Many of these policies are now subject to important disciplines under the 1994 GATT agreement that is administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The paper is organized as follows. First, tariffs, import quotas, and tariff rate quotas are discussed. Then, a series of non-tariff barriers to trade are examined, including v...

Hayakawa, Kazunobu—How serious is the omission of bilateral tariff rates in gravity? This paper presents a constructed dataset of worldwide bilateral tariff rates to explore the seriousness of omitting bilateral tariff rates from gravity equations. Results indicate, first, that omitting bilateral tariff rates presents no serious issue related to the omitted variable bias because coefficients fo...

For many services, consumers can choose among a range of optional tariffs that differ in their access and usage prices. Recent studies indicate that tariff-specific preferences may lead consumers to choose a tariff that does not minimize their expected billing rate. This study analyzes how tariff-specific preferences influence the responsiveness of consumers’ usage and tariff choice to changes ...

This paper provides a welfare comparison of a tariff with a combination of a production subsidy to, and a commodity tax on, an import-competing commodity in a two-country economy. We treat some plausible situations of industry protection, including where the initial tariff is above the optimal tariff, where a certain output level of a tariff-imposed commodity must be maintained, and where there...

T his paper investigates the heterogeneous reaction of Iranian exporters to the tariff rate changes, how export prices are influenced differently by the increase or decrease in foreign importers’ tariff rate. Using the Iranian transaction level export data and firm level data during the period 2002-2015, we find that tariff pass through for Iranian firms are incomplete and exporters ...

This paper simulates the effect of a carbon tariff on China’s trade of industrial products and emission reduction through the GTAP 8.0 model, when the European Union, the United States, and Japan impose a carbon tariff simultaneously or respectively. The conclusions indicate: (1) a carbon tariff will cause a decrease in exports for high-carbon industries and generate an increase in exports for ...