BACKGROUND Regional and subtype-specific mutational patterns of HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance (TDR) are essential for informing first-line antiretroviral (ARV) therapy guidelines and designing diagnostic assays for use in regions where standard genotypic resistance testing is not affordable. We sought to understand the molecular epidemiology of TDR and to identify the HIV-1 drug-resistance ...

Soil water content impacts all soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Soil water movement in shallow soil layers has critical importance for plant water use, foundation stability, energy transfer and chemical diffusion. Numerical analysis is one way to study soil water. New numerical methods are presented in this thesis to determine soil water content from time domain reflectometry ...

In this issue of PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Abdallah Daar and colleagues describe the fourth independent external analysis and evaluation of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) and summarize the findings resulting from the review [1]. The panel responsible for the review and report, which was chaired by Daar, recommends several critical areas of ref...

Transmitted drug resistance (TDR), the primary acquisition of an HIV variant already resistant to antiretrovirals, affects approximately 15% of all new infections in the United States. Historically, from the time initial agents in the reverse transcriptase, protease and entry inhibitor classes were introduced, it took 3-5 years before the first case reports of TDR appeared. With the description...

INTRODUCTION: Design of total disc replacement (TDR) prosthesis plays an important role in the long-term clinical performance of these implants. Prodisc-L (Spine Solutions, Inc. Synthes, Paoli, PA, USA), a semi-constrained TDR system, has a ball-and-socket based design; whereas SB Charité III (DePuy Spine, Inc, Raynham, MA, USA) has a theoretically unconstrained articulation which allows the mo...

Complex societal problems cannot be resolved without transdisciplinary research (TDR). Currently, there is no focused communication platform or commonly shared framework for conducting TDR. The current study a continuation of the exploration collaborations in multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and TDR to identify ideas that could contribute developing testing general systematic literature re...

Introduction: Resistance to antiretroviral drugs can complicate the management of HIV-1 infection and impair control of its spread. The aim of the current study was to investigate the prevalence and transmission of HIV-1 drug resistance among 106 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve patients diagnosed in Iceland (1996-2012). Methods: HIV-1 polymerase sequences were analysed using the Calibrated P...

Transdisciplinary research (TDR) projects integrate several disciplines as well non-academic actors. Researchers claim that TDR are key for tackling complex sustainability issues. We study the effects and factors influencing of in transnational development between global North South (North-South), conducted within North. This article explains our conceptual approach presents selected findings.

Recently, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) has been successfully applied to the measurement of bacterial productivity as an alternative to tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR), which is widely used but often restricted by regulations, particularly in field settings. Here, I report improvements to existing BrdU methods to simplify procedures and increase sensitivity. The feasibility of the method was tested mea...

A number of automated techniques for point measurement of soil moisture content have been developed to an operational level over the past few decades. While each of those techniques have been individually evaluated by the thermogravimetric (oven drying and weighing) method, typically under laboratory conditions, there have been few studies which have made a direct comparison between the various...