Distribution of magnetic fields in the quiet-Sun internetwork areas has been affected by weak polarization (in particular Stokes Q and U) signals. To improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the weak polarization signals, several approaches, including temporal integrations, have been proposed in the literature. In this study, we aim to investigate a proper temporal-integration time with which...

Many empirical studies estimating effective population size apply the temporal method that provides an estimate of the variance effective size through the amount of temporal allele frequency change under the assumption that the study population is completely isolated. This assumption is frequently violated, and the magnitude of the resulting bias is generally unknown. We studied how gene flow a...