Tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) and botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) are clostridial neurotoxins (CNTs) responsible for the paralytic diseases tetanus and botulism, respectively. CNTs are AB toxins with an N-terminal zinc-metalloprotease light chain that is linked by a disulfide bond to a C-terminal heavy chain that includes a translocation domain and a receptor-binding domain (HCR). Current models predic...

A tent treated with an oil-based 1% permethrin formulation (0.936 g AI/m2) was evaluated for protection against Aedes spp. Mosquito biting assessment was conducted in the field using 8 human subjects positioned inside and outside tents. Subjects inside tents received 66.8% fewer bites than subjects outside tents prior to treatment. Following treatment, subjects inside the treated tent had signi...

Tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) produced by Clostridium tetani is one of the most poisonous protein substances. Neutralizing antibodies against TeNT can effectively prevent and cure toxicosis. Using purified Hc fragments of TeNT (TeNT-Hc) as an antigen, three specific neutralizing antibody clones recognizing different epitopes were selected from a human immune scFv antibody phage display library. The...

Tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) is one of the most poisonous substances on Earth and a major cause of neonatal death in non-vaccinated areas (1). TeNT targets the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) with high affinity, yet the nature of the TeNT receptor complex at the NMJ remains unknown (2). Here we show that nidogens (also known as entactins (3)) are highly enriched at the basement membrane of the NMJ an...

It is well known that the average position or barycenter of generic orbits for the standard tent map is 0.5. Periodic orbits are exceptional orbits in the sense that most of them have barycenters different from 0.5. In this paper we prove that for any positive integer n, there exist n distinct periodic orbits for the standard tent map with the same barycenter. We also provide some patterns of p...

We developed a novel technique that allowed reversible suppression of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the cerebellar network. We generated two lines of transgenic mice termed Tet and TeNT mice and crossed the two transgenic lines to produce the Tet/TeNT double transgenic mice. In the Tet mice, the tetracycline-controlled reverse activator (rtTA) was expressed selectively in cerebellar granul...

Tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) enhances activity of motoneurons by blocking spinal inhibitory interneurons. Based on this pathomechanism, we propose that low-dosage intramuscular injections of TeNT could serve as a specific treatment for central paretic muscles. However in vivo TeNT research is restricted because of the fear of triggering widespread muscle spasms. In addition, no reliable test to me...

Let (I, T ) be the inverse limit space of a post-critically finite tent map. Conditions are given under which these inverse limit spaces are pairwise nonhomeomorphic. This extends results of Barge & Diamond [2].