Transforming growth factor1 (TGF1) is a potent regulatory cytokine with pleiotropic effects on the immune system. To examine the role of TGF1 in fish immunity, the full-length cDNA of grass carp TGF1 was isolated from grass carp spleen. The open reading frame of grass carp TGF1, 1134 bp in length, encodes a 377 amino acid protein. Tissue distribution study by RT-PCR showed TGF1 mRNA was predomi...

Circulating platelets contain high concentrations of TGF1 in their -granules and release it on platelet adhesion/activation. We hypothesized that uncontrolled in vitro release of platelet TGF1 may confound measurement of plasma TGF1 in mice and that in vivo release and activation may contribute to cardiac pathology in response to constriction of the transverse aorta, which produces both high sh...

Transforming growth factor1 (TGF1), an immunosuppressive cytokine, inhibits cytotoxic T cell (CTL) immune responses. In contrast, 4-1BB (CD137), a costimulatory molecule in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, amplifies CTLmediated antitumor immune responses. We investigated whether TGF1 responses could be reversed by 4-1BB costimulation during in vitro differentiation of naive CD8 ...

Transforming growth factor (TGF)1 is a potent stimulator of intimal growth. We showed previously that TGF1 stimulates intimal growth through early upregulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and, subsequently, PAI-1–dependent increases in cell migration and matrix accumulation. We also showed that PAI-1 negatively regulates TGF1 expression in the artery wall. Here we use plasminog...

Martin MM, Buckenberger JA, Jiang J, Malana GE, Knoell DL, Feldman DS, Elton TS. TGF1 stimulates human AT1 receptor expression in lung fibroblasts by cross talk between the Smad, p38 MAPK, JNK, and PI3K signaling pathways. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 293: L790–L799, 2007. First published June 29, 2007; doi:10.1152/ajplung.00099.2007.—Both angiotensin II (ANG II) and transforming growth f...

Sturrock, Anne, Barbara Cahill, Kimberly Norman, Thomas P. Huecksteadt, Kenneth Hill, Karl Sanders, S. V. Karwande, James C. Stringham, David A. Bull, Martin Gleich, Thomas P. Kennedy, and John R. Hoidal. Transforming growth factor1 induces Nox4 NAD(P)H oxidase and reactive oxygen species-dependent proliferation in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2...

Transforming growth factor1 (TGF1) has potent physiologic and pathologic effects on a variety of cell types at subnanomolar concentrations. Platelets contain 40 times as much TGF1 as other cells and secrete it as an inactive (latent) form in complex with latency-associated peptide (LAP), which is disulfide bonded via Cys33 to latent TGFbinding protein 1 (LTBP-1). Little is known about how laten...

Background—Reoxygenation injury is a result of several complex events, including release of reactive oxygen species, protein kinase C (PKC) activation, and altered expression of transforming growth factor1 (TGF1). Nitric oxide (NO) generally protects tissues from reperfusion injury. Methods and Results—We examined the modulation of TGF1 expression and activity and PKC activation in cultured rat...

Objective—Transforming growth factor1 (TGF1) controls the expression of numerous genes, including smooth muscle cell (SMC)–specific genes and extracellular matrix protein genes. Here we investigated whether c-Src plays a role in TGF1 signaling in mouse embryonic fibroblast C3H10T1/2 cells. Methods and Results—TGF1 induction of the SMC contractile protein SM22 gene expression was inhibited by PP...

Increased expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)are thought to play important roles in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. We recently reported that TNFupregulates TGF1 expression in primary mouse lung fibroblasts (MLFs), a key cell population in fibrogenesis. In the present study, we have investigated signal transduction pathways involved in TNFupreg...