Microstructure transformation due to thermomechanical processing has an acute effect the macroscopic properties of low-carbon steels. This includes viscoplastic deformation and phase transformations. Hot forming processes such as press hardening are particularly affected. Most engineering applications require a combination high strength sufficient residual ductility, which can be achieved by de...

Ancient Arabs have recognized metallic and mineral ores, including their fluid inclusions which were still considered as a new scientific fields in the 70’s last century. They discovered metallic ores (gold, silver, copper), in inhabited areas and in delta and river crosses, using different techniques for exploration and exploitation. Metallic industry flourished during the Islamic period, silv...