Inter- and intra-observer variation in measuring the depth of invasion of malignant melanomas was assessed using three different techniques: eye-piece graticule, stage Vernier, and projection image analysis. Significant variation was found for all methods but was least pronounced with the stage Vernier. It is recommended that this should be the preferred technique for routine use.

Unobserved confounding is a well known threat to causal inference in non-experimental studies. The instrumental variable design can under certain conditions be used to recover an unbiased estimator of a treatment effect even if unobserved confounding cannot be ruled out with certainty. For continuous outcomes, two stage least squares is the most common instrumental variable estimator used in ep...

We present simple implementations of Kak’s three-stage quantum cryptography protocol. The case where the transformation is applied to more than one qubit at one time is also examined.

For complex traits, most associated single nucleotide variants (SNV) discovered to date have a small effect, and detection of association is only possible with large sample sizes. Because of patient confidentiality concerns, it is often not possible to pool genetic data from multiple cohorts, and meta-analysis has emerged as the method of choice to combine results from multiple studies. Many me...

To compare the efficacy of 10 units oxytocin, 0.2 mg methylergometrine and 250 microgram carboprost in the active management of third stage of labour. A randomized comparative study enrolling 300 women was donein the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Dr. Susheela Tiwari Government Hospital, Haldwani. They were randomly allotted into one of the groups.Active management of third stage of...

We describe a theoretical and computational model of the perception of plaid pattern motion which fully accounts for the majority of cases in which misperception of the direction of motion of Type II plaids has been observed [Yo, C., & Wilson, H. (1992). Perceived direction of moving two-dimensional patterns depends on duration, contrast, and eccentricity. Vision Research 32, 135-147]. The mode...

CLAUDINE LEGAULT. Analyzing Multiple Endpoints with a two-stage group sequential design in clinical trials. (Under the direction of Timothy M. Morgan.) In many clinical trials, the assessment of the response to the various treatments can include a large variety of outcome variables which are generally correlated. Different endpoints may be regarded by the investigators as important in determini...