Macrophages play a central role in host defense against pathogen microbes by recognizing bacterial components, resulting in the activation of an arsenal of anti-microbial effectors. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 mediates the recognition of lipopolysaccharide, a pathogen-associated molecular pattern from gram-negative bacteria. Activation of the TLR-4 signaling pathway by lipopolysaccharide increas...

Abstract Improved vaccine adjuvants are needed to address infectious diseases, cancer, and future pandemics. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been researched as targets of because they modulate the innate immune system activate adaptive immunity. TLR-based induce cross-presentation exogenous antigens CD8 T lymphocytes. TLR4 signaling recruits adapters myeloid differentiation marker 88 (MyD88), w...

Many microRNAs (miRNAs) are selectively expressed in mammalian immune cells and have been linked to responses host defense autoimmune disease. In macrophages, miRNAs regulate cell metabolism by repressing the expression of genes such as transcription factors, enzymes, metabolism-related molecules, well that impact inflammatory phenotype determination. Previous studies showed miR-22 plays a role...

Peptides of Rv0679c a membrane protein of the cell envelope (16.6 KDa) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), inhibited entry of live bacilli into epithelial (A549) and macrophage (U937) cell lines in vitro, suggesting a possible role in invasion. Receptors associated with Rv0679c antigen entry into cell lines were not characterized. We are reporting that Rv0679c peptides could bind to Toll lik...

The receptors involved in the sampling of particulate microbial antigens by the gut are largely unknown. Here we demonstrate for the first time in an in vitro M-cell model and in situ in isolated murine intestinal segments that the receptors TLR-4, PAF-R, and alpha5beta1 integrin are all involved in mediating bacterial uptake associated with transcytosis. The pattern of expression of TLR-4 and ...

One of the common features found in many neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson ́s and Alzheimer ́s diseases or during stroke, is an ongoing neuroinflammatory response driven by glia (microglia and astrocytes) and immune cells from the peripheral immune system (monocytes, neutrophils, T cells, ... ). While a “healthy” activation of the neuroinflammatory response is beneficial through prote...

Recruitment of various stem and progenitor cells is crucial for the regeneration of an injured organ. Levels of uric acid, one of the prototypical "alarm signals," surge after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Exogenous uric acid rapidly mobilizes endothelial progenitor cells and hematopoietic stem cells and protects the kidney from ischemia. The relatively fast responses to uric acid suggest that p...