AIM Chronic exposure to indoxacarb and pulmonary expression of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, healthy male Swiss albino mice (n=30) aging 8-10 weeks were used to evaluate TLR-9 expression in lungs of mice following indoxacarb exposure with and without lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Indoxacarb was administered orally dissolved in groundnut oil at 4 and 2 ...

OBJECTIVES We sought to validate 4 angiographic measures as potential surrogates for clinical restenosis (target lesion revascularization [TLR]) after stent implantation. BACKGROUND Given the low revascularization rates with drug-eluting stents (DES), an angiographic surrogate of TLR is desirable to reduce the sample size required to demonstrate efficacy in future trials of antirestenosis dev...

principal function of insulin in the liver is to suppress glucose production when blood glucose concentrations increase. This process is impaired in hepatic insulin resistance and contributes to postprandial hyperglycemia. The development of hepatic insulin resistance is very closely linked to non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and is a major factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabete...

Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a common health problem in the developing countries. Basic knowledge about the etiology and pathogenesis of ECC plays an important role in its prevention. Objective: To determine the relationship between salivary TLR-2 concentration and early childhood caries formation Methods: Twenty-Eight children with ages ranging from 36 to 71 months (15 in ECC gr...

INTRODUCTION Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of receptors that sense pathogen associated patterns such as bacterial cell wall proteins. Bacterial infections are associated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). Here, we assessed the expression of TLRs 2, 4, and 9 by peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with AAV, and investigated TLR mediated...

The concomitant use of diverse pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) by innate immune cells can result in synergistic or inhibitory activities that profoundly influence anti-microbial immunity. Dectin-1 and the mannose receptor (MR) are C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) previously reported to cooperate with toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling in the initial inflammatory response and in the inducti...

BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients achieving rapid virological response (RVR) on PEG-IFN/ribavirin (P/R) therapy have high chance of sustained virological response (SVR). To analyze host immunological factors associated with RVR, viral kinetics, phenotype distribution and Th1/Th2 cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were studied prior to and during P/R the...

Toll-like receptors (TLR) are an emerging family of receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and promote the activation of leukocytes and intrinsic renal cells. Ligands of the TLR include exogenous microbial components such as LPS (TLR4), lipoproteins and peptidoglycans (TLR1, -2, -6), viral RNA (TLR3), bacterial and viral unmethylated cytosin-guanosin dinucleotide (CpG)-...

The mammalian brain is composed of 20% oxygen. depletion in the level oxygen may lead to hypoxia, resulting neurological changes. Recent findings Toll-like receptors (TLR) such as TLR-2, 3, 4 and 8 nervous system showedneuroinflammation brain. activation TLR4 by both exogenous endogenous ligands leads various inflammatory diseases likeatherosclerosis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, rheuma...