background: it has been suggested that malfunction of immune system may cause testicular cancer. recently, our understanding of innate immune system has been expanded, by discovery of “toll- like receptors” (tlrs). some studies have shown that polymorphisms of tlr2 and 4 can effect on the risk of cancer. also, the role of tlrs 3and 9 have been shown in apoptosis of cancer cells and metastasis i...

toll like receptors (tlrs) recognize pathogens and generate an immediate defense response by inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which rapidly destroy or limit the pathogens. in their bridging role, tlr downstream signals link innate and adaptive immunity, particularly by mediating dc maturation and activation of pathogen specific t lymphocytes. these pathways lead to the act...

| The Toll receptor was initially identified in Drosophila melanogaster for its role in embryonic development. Subsequently, D. melanogaster Toll and mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been recognized as key regulators of immune responses. After ten years of intense research on TLRs and the recent accumulation of genomic and functional data in diverse organisms, we review the distributio...

The discovery of sequence homology between the cytoplasmic domains of Drosophila Toll and human interleukin 1 receptors has sown the conviction that both molecules trigger related signaling pathways tied to the nuclear translocation of Rel-type transcription factors. This conserved signaling scheme governs an evolutionarily ancient immune response in both insects and vertebrates. We report the ...

Introduction: Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) are members of pattern recognition receptors that recognize various molecules, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns and dead-associated molecular patterns. These receptors are expressed by immune, non-immune, and tumor cells. Some TLRs are implicated in tumor progression, while others are involved in tumor suppression. Our study aimed to eval...

Many studies reported that genetic variation in interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptors/Toll like receptors (TLRs) are susceptible to infectious diseases. TLRs play an important role in the innate immune response to invading pathogens. TLRs are emerging in conditions such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis syndrome, and systemic lupus erythromatosis, suggesting that targeting of TLRs might be usefu...

Asthma is a major epidemic affecting up to one third people in developed countries over the last decades, and making a crucial impact on morbidity rates. The classical characters of asthma in human are airway inflammation, airway hyperreactivity, and airway remodeling. Hygiene hypothesis, inflammation cells and signaling pathway in asthma were involved in Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs are a ...