BACKGROUND A model of toe-to-finger transplantation has been used in studying peripheral nerve regeneration and central reorganization. It was found that recovery of sensory perception depends not only on peripheral reinnervation but also on central integrative mechanisms. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate functional changes of the brain and somatotopic representation of the transplanted t...

Toe-tipping is a commonly used procedure for mark-recapture studies of frogs, although it has been criticised for its potential influence on frog behaviour, site fidelity and mortality. We compared 24 h return rates of newly toe-tipped frogs to those previously toe-tipped and found no evidence of a stress response reflected by avoidance behaviour for 3 species: Litoria genimaculata, L. rheocola...

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the toe function of elderly people and the association with the dynamic balance ability for the developing effective fall-prevention measures. [Subjects and Methods] Seventy-eight participants in a community health service were included in this cross-sectional study. The Timed Up and Go Test and Four Square Step Test were used to test dynamic b...

[Purpose] Physical development, foot morphology, and toe contact of children aged 3 to 5 years were assessed in order to investigate the relationships between body and foot morphology and the incidence of the condition known as "floating toe". [Subjects] A total of 198 children, aged 3 to 5 years old, participated in this study. [Methods] Height and weight were measured for body morphology, and...

Tripping is presumed to be the principal cause for falls during walking. At minimum toe clearance, the potential for trip-related falls is considered to be highest. Thus, controlling minimum toe clearance is essential for walking without tripping. In theory, the central nervous system should therefore give priority to accurate control of the variability in minimum toe clearance, as compared to ...

BACKGROUND Toe flexor muscle strength determines the anterior limit of the functional base of support, thereby affecting a standing individual's maximum forward reach or lean capacity. We developed a method for measuring toe flexor muscle strength in order to test the null hypotheses that it is neither affected by age nor gender. METHODS Gender-balanced groups of 20 healthy young adults (YA) ...