Tongue muscles are non-joint moving muscles and consist of extrinsic and intrinsic muscle groups. Contraction of the extrinsic tongue muscle group can produce fast movements of the tongue for protrusion, retraction or lateral deviation, and contraction of the intrinsic muscle group may produce a delicate change in shape of the tongue. The tongue is constantly in action during mastication, deglu...

Speaking requires the coordinated movements of individual articulators. Understanding each articulator’s contribution to speech is fundamental not only for understanding how speech is produced, but also for optimizing speech assessment and treatment. Our recent work has studied the individual contributions of tongue tip, tongue blade, tongue body front, tongue body back, upper lip, and lower li...

We wanted to examine whether a relation between foraging strategy, morphology, the mechanics of tongue protrusion, and prey chemical detection and discrimination exists in agamid lizards. Tongue-flick behavior was observed in two species of this family: Uromastix acanthinurus and Plocederma stellio. Potential prey chemical discrimination by means of tongue flicking was examined by using applica...

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its cause’s diabetic retinopathy (DR) are major health problems. To combat this approaching epidemic, proposes a noninvasive automated method to detect DM and NPDR by distinguishing Healthy/DM and NPDR/DM sans NPDR (DM without NPDR) samples using an array of tongue features consisting of color, texture, and geometry. The various tongue features like color, texture, an...

The goal of this study was to investigate morphological adaptations associated with hydrostatic elongation of the tongue during feeding in the African pig-nosed frog Hemisus marmoratum. Whereas previous studies had suggested that the tongue of H. marmoratum elongates hydraulically, the anatomical observations reported here favour a muscular hydrostatic mechanism of tongue elongation. H. marmora...

To cite: Sebire D, Rigney L, Cordato DJ. BMJ Case Rep Published online: [please include Day Month Year] doi:10.1136/bcr-2014207989 DESCRIPTION We describe a 76-year-old right-handed man who presented with acute onset of tongue protrusion palsy without additional neurological deficits or pseudobulbar stigmata. He had previously suffered five strokes. Six months prior to this presentation he had ...

The purpose of this paper is to correlate the four formant frequencies F1–F4 and quality factors Q1–Q4 with the positions, areas, or area ratios formed by the four active articulators: tongue root, tongue body, blade, and lips. The quality or amplification factor Q is the formant frequency F divided by the bandwidth B. Toward this end, a 27-tube frequency-domain vocal tract model (FDVT) is deve...

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is transmitted through saliva, but the cellular source is controversial. Putative reservoirs include oral epithelium and salivary glands. Tongue mucosal samples, salivary glands, and tongue carcinomas were studied, by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, for evidence of EBV infection. EBV replication was seen in 1.3% of tongue mucosal samples. No latent infec...

BACKGROUND Centromere protein H (CENP-H) is one of the fundamental components of the human active kinetochore. Recently, CENP-H was identified to be associated with tumorigenesis. This study was aimed to investigate the clinicopathologic significance of CENP-H in tongue cancer. METHODS RT-PCR, real time RT-PCR and Western blot were used to examine the expression of CENP-H in tongue cancer cel...

In tongue diagnosis, colour information of tongue body has kept valuable information regarding the state of disease and its correlation with the internal organs. Qualitatively, practitioners may have difficulty in their judgement due to the instable lighting condition and naked eye's ability to capture the exact colour distribution on the tongue especially the tongue with multicolour substance....