This paper studies the incidence of civil war over time. We put forward a canonical model of civil war, which relates the incidence of conflict to circumstances, institutions and features of the underlying economy and polity. We use this model to derive testable predictions and to interpret the cross-sectional and times-series variations variations in civil conflict. Our most novel emprical fin...

In this paper, Bernoulli wavelets are presented for solving (approximately) fractional differential equations in a large interval. Bernoulli wavelets operational matrix of fractional order integration is derived and utilized to reduce the fractional differential equations to system of algebraic equations. Numerical examples are carried out for various types of problems, including fractional Van...

In recent decades, democratic countries have signed hundreds of international environmental agreements (IEAs). Most of these are weak and do not include effective enforcement. To study this puzzle, we propose a positive theory of IEAs in which the political incumbents negotiate in the shadow of reelections. We show that incumbents are prone to negotiate treaties that are simultaneously overambi...