The 1992-93 National Family Health Survey sampled almost 90,000 women in India to find that 41% of currently married Indian women aged 13-49 use some form of contraception, ranging from 13% of women in Nagaland to 63% in Kerala. Uttar Pradesh is the country's most populous state, with a 1991 population of 139 million. With only 20% of reproductive-age women in Uttar Pradesh using contraceptio...

BACKGROUND Population growth is determined by fertility, mortality and migration rates. Fertility is the prime determinant of population growth, which is highly associated with family planning, literacy, urbanization, and expansion of health system. In many part of Africa, its level is more than twice the replacement level. In Ethiopia, a significant decline in fertility mainly in the urban set...

This study compares fertility rates from the Sample Registration System (SRS) and the 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India as a means of determining the speed of fertility decline. Fertility since the 1970s declined faster based on the SRS than the NFHS. The present level of fertility is expected to be higher than recorded in either data source. Misreporting of women's ages ...

This paper seeks to address the problems of childcare scarcity, declining fertility rates and work-family conflict faced by the growing female labor force in Japan. Japan’s total fertility rate has been declining since the 1970s and it fell below the replacement level of 1.3 in 2003. Since the 1990s, the Japanese government has implemented pro-natal policies such as childcare market deregulatio...

BACKGROUND Persistent high fertility is associated with mother and child mortality. While most regions in the world have experienced declines in fertility rates, there are conflicting views as to whether Uganda has entered a period of fertility transition. There are limited data available that explicitly detail the fertility trends and patterns in Uganda over the last four decades, from 1973 to...

The paper proposes that whether period indicators are biased by timing effects depends on the objective of measurement. Several kinds of bias in the TFR are identified. Five reasons for measuring period fertility are distinguished: to explain fertility time trends, to anticipate future prospects, to describe trends, to provide input parameters for formal models, and to communicate with non-spec...

China’s one-child policy, the family planning policy enforced in 1980, continued for almost 36 years and created a lasting impact on both declining total fertility rate (TFR) its sex ratio imbalance. This paper discusses marriage dilemma caused by separate outcomes urban rural areas. In areas, expense childbearing, equated monthly installment (EMI) payments, self-consuming nature of c...

BACKGROUND We will assess to what extent in vitro fertilization (IVF) is effective in increasing the number of births overall and whether earlier application of IVF will increase this number. METHODS We simulate 100 000 women trying for their first and second child. Natural and IVF pregnancy rates and infertility rates are age-dependent and based on published data. The age at which women star...

Is it possible to reverse the low total fertility rate (TFR) in the developed world? Using a hypothetical model of population we have analysed the decline of the TFR which have took place in the background of ongoing global economic changes, and a liberalization process after the end of the Cold War. These phenomena have affected more that 110 millions of inhabitants of Central Europe and the B...

Comparison of fertility estimates from India’s Sample Registration System (SRS) and two recent National Family Health Surveys (NFHS-1 in 1992–93 and NFHS-2 in 1998– 99) indicates major discrepancies between the three sources. This subject report attempts to evaluate the reasons for these discrepancies and to assess the true trend of fertility in all India and 16 major states. The analysis indic...