vancomycin susceptibility of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus has been changed over time and its average minimum inhibitory concentration increased from 1.5 to 1.75 mg/l. a recently published guideline by the american society of health pharmacist recommended a daily dose of 15-20 mg/kg every 8 to 12 hours of vancomycin to achieve a trough concentration between 15-20 mg/l for treatmen...

the new scientific innovation of engineering nanoparticles (nps) at the atomic scale (diameter

background: in the recent years nanostructured materials have been the focus of researches due to their wide-spread possibilities to provide new shapes and structures for some materials. microemulsions can provide uniform nano-sized droplets for templating. microemulsions are isotropic, thermodynamically-stable systems of oil, water and surfactant with a 20-200 nm droplet size. they can be prep...

The determination of single high doses of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) is used mostly to fulfill regulatory demands. Oral LD(50) values in animals for over 300 API were compared to the minimal effective therapeutic doses (METD) in humans in order to find a correlation between animal and human data. The highest correlation between human METD and animal LD(50) was found for the dog (R=...

Acute systemic toxicity studies are carried out in many sectors in which synthetic chemicals are manufactured or used and are among the most criticized of all toxicology tests on both scientific and ethical grounds. A review of the drivers for acute toxicity testing within the pharmaceutical industry led to a paradigm shift whereby in vivo acute toxicity data are no longer routinely required in...

There is the need to integrate existing toxicity data in a coherent framework for extending their domain of applicability as well as their extrapolation potential. This integration would also reduce time and cost-consuming aspects of these tests and reduce animal usage. In this work, based on data extracted from literature, we have assessed the advantages that a dynamic biology-toxicant fate co...

objective(s):copper oxidenanoparticles have different industrial applications so it is inevitable that nanoparticulate products finally find their way into aquatic ecosystems. nevertheless there is little information available about their effects on some of edible fish. the present study aims to determine the acute toxicity and evaluate the effect of two sub-acute concentrations (50 and 70% 96 ...

toxic and direct teratogenic potential of two dominant iranian cultivars of carthamus tinctorius (safflower), floret extracts, il 111 and lrv 51 51, were investigated. the extracts are commonly used in foods and medicinal products. neither death nor alteration of stereotype activities was observed with il 111 and lrv 51 51 extracts up to 17 g/kg in 48 h in mice and rats. haemoglobin was decreas...

The purposes of acute toxicity testing are to obtain information on the biologic activity of a chemical and gain insight into its mechanism of action. The information on acute systemic toxicity generated by the test is used in hazard identification and risk management in the context of production, handling, and use of chemicals. The LD50 value, defined as the statistically derived dose that, wh...