background: patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (gerd) unresponsive to proton pump inhibitor (ppi) therapy are often labeled as having refractory gerd. one of the probable etiologies of refractory gerd is delayed gastric emptying. refractory gerd associated with gastroparesis is a complex condition with no definitive treatment to date. we opted, for the first time, to test the hypothe...

alpha toxin derived from clostridium perfringens was used for diagnosis of streptococcus agalactiae (st.agalactiae) by rapid and spot camp tests. the selected cl.perfringens strain was cultured in optimized conditions; the supernatant of culture was concentrated by ultra filter and purified by deae cellulose chromatography. the efficacy of both purified and crude α-toxins were examined by rapid...

ABSTRACT Harmful algal blooms (HABs) can generate toxins that be aerosolized and negatively impact human health through inhalation. HABs are often found in waterways near residences, therefore, HAB potentially affect both indoor outdoor air quality. Given predicted to increase worldwide, effective mitigation strategies needed prevent the inhalation of toxins. In this work, we characterized p...

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is strongly associated with new onset asthma and asthma exacerbations. Until recently, the molecular mechanisms utilized by M. pneumoniae to influence asthma symptoms were unknown. However, we recently reported that an ADP-ribosylating and vacuolating toxin called the Community Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome toxin, CARDS toxin, produced by M. pneumoniae was suffici...

grasspea (lathyrus sativus) is a protein-rich forage legume that contains a neurotoxin (beta-odap) that causes severe malformation of the body’s extremities when eaten in large quantities. various low-toxin lines of grasspea have been developed to reduce the toxin’s concentration in the grain, i.e. to below the 0.2% critical value, but there are indications that zinc (zn) can also reduce the to...

abrin known as ribosome inactivating protein’s (rip) it is a high cytotoxic plant protein. high lethality and low cost and easy access to plant and seeds lead to this toxin used in crimes and terrorist acts. because obtaining purified toxins requires advanced laboratory equipment and complex procedures, so, it appears that the perpetrators of such crimes use crude extracts. as a result, remaini...

shiga toxin (stx) is the principal virulence factor of shigatoxigenic escherichia coli (stec), a food-born pathogen associated disease with uncomplicated diarrhea or the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. in this study, rabbit polyclonal anti recombinant a, b subunits of shiga toxin and holotoxin antisera were raised and employed for immunological purpose. by immunoblotting, these antisera recognized r...

UNLABELLED Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (ε-toxin) is responsible for a devastating multifocal central nervous system (CNS) white matter disease in ruminant animals. The mechanism by which ε-toxin causes white matter damage is poorly understood. In this study, we sought to determine the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which ε-toxin causes pathological changes to white matter. In pr...

In this study, mutant forms of Bacillus thuringiensis spp. israelensis (H14) were produced. These mutants were identified when the cells were cultured on chloramphenicol plates and stained with crystal violet. Protoplasts of the mutants were isolated by enzymatic digestion (lysozyme) of the cell walls at the presence of an osmotic stabilizer. The protoplasts were induced to fuse to each other i...

An atypical toxin variant of Clostridium botulinum (strain 657) was isolated from the feces of a 6-week-old female infant whose symptoms and clinical history were consistent with infant botulism. Toxin detected in the feces and the toxin produced by isolates from the feces and from two rectal swabs could be neutralized by type B botulinal antitoxin only at very high ratios of of antitoxin to to...