Problems often arise when partners in regional integration agreements (RIA) have divergent exchange rate policies, as has happened in recent years with the Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur). The January 1999 devaluation of the Brazilian real strained the relationship between Argentina and Brazil, setting off a series of events that included protectionist measures in Argentina, Argentine bu...

as regional integration agreements (RIAs)—is one of the major international relations developments of recent years. Most industrial and developing countries in the world are members of a regional integration agreement, and many belong to more than one: more than one-third of world trade takes place within such agreements. 1 The structure of regional agreements varies hugely, but all have one th...

The EU’s common commercial policy is used as an instrument to realize its values in EU trading partners, reflected the inclusion of sustainable trade and development chapters preferential agreements (PTAs). In this paper we ask if including non-trade provisions (NTPs) PTAs has a systematic positive effect on outcomes partner countries. We analyze relationship between bilateral flows, coverage N...

In this work, we consider a classic international trade model with two countries and one firm in each country. The game has stages: the first stage, governments of country use their welfare functions to choose tariffs either: (a) competitively (Nash equilibrium) or (b) cooperatively (social optimum); second firms (Nash) home export quantities under Cournot-type competition conditions. previous ...