Wind erosion is a major environmental issue affecting land resources and socio-economic settings in Iran. This paper outlines a study undertaken to provide a new tool to manage wind erosion from physical and economic perspectives. The southern part of the Varamin Plain in south of Tehran is used as a case study. The focus of this study is on exploring the economic and physical impacts of 16 veg...

The ERNE project is briefly introduced. The single shot nature of an instrument development project highlights the importance of the concept of process. Useful concepts of process management are reviewed. Trade-off situations and optimisation of diverse requirements are commonplace in space instrument projects. The Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method is discussed as a potential tool for qu...

We used experimental evolution to test directly the important and commonplace evolutionary hypothesis that adaptation, increased fitness within the selective environment, is accompanied by trade-off, a loss of fitness in other nonselective environments. Specifically, we determined whether trade-offs at high temperature generally and necessarily accompany genetic adaptation to low temperature. W...

Dealing with trade-offs lies at the heart of environmental impact assessment (EIA). However, there has been scant reflection to date on the concept of trade-offs within the EIA literature. This paper aims to contribute to the thinking about trade-offs by distilling key learning points from research conducted within the field of psychology. In particular the paper explores three interrelated que...

This article describes the development of a prototype Resilience Analysis Grid for rail traffic management. The findings from testing of the initial model led to the identification of a set of potential vectors for improvement, in particular the need to integrate trade-offs. Based on Resilience Engineering trade-off theory this paper discusses how to integrate trade-offs into the system descrip...

in descriptive statistics, there are two computational algorithms for determining the variance s2, of a set of observations : algorithm 1: s2= - , algorithm 2: s2= , where . it is interesting to discuss, which of the above formulas is numerically more trustworthy in machine numbers sets. i this paper, based on total effect of rounding error, we prove that the second algorithm is better than ...

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