this research was conducted to investigate spatial variability and estimate tree attributes in a plantation forest in the caspian region of iran using geostatistical analysis. sampling was performed based on a 50m?125m systematic grid in a maple stand (acer velutinum boiss) 18 years of age using circular samples of 200m2 area. totally, 96 sample plots were measured in 63 hectares and 14.25 hect...

For accurate interpretation of oxygen isotopes in tree rings (δ(18) O), it is necessary to disentangle the mechanisms underlying the variations in the tree's internal water cycle and to understand the transfer of source versus leaf water δ(18) O to phloem sugars and stem wood. We studied the seasonal transfer of oxygen isotopes from precipitation and soil water through the xylem, needles and ph...

Increasing anthropogenic pollution from urban centers and fossil fuel combustion can impact the carbon and nitrogen cycles in forests. To assess the impact of twentieth century anthropogenic pollution on forested system carbon and nitrogen cycles, variations in the carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of tree-rings were measured. Individual annual growth rings in trees from six sites acros...

Abstract In this chapter we introduce the climate signal in stable isotope tree-ring records, with emphasis on temperate forests. The development of subdiscipline is recapped followed by an exploration dendroclimatic records geography and, broadly, isotopic species. Whilst there are still questions to be answered around strength and age-related effects different environments species, proxy now ...

Abstract In recent decades, Europe has experienced more frequent flood and drought events. However, little is known about the long-term, spatiotemporal hydroclimatic changes across Europe. Here we present a climate field reconstruction spanning entire European continent based on tree-ring stable isotopes. A pronounced seasonal consistency in response leads to unique, well-verified spatial of su...