BACKGROUND Pixel-wise, parametric T2* mapping is emerging as a means of automatic measurement of iron content in tissues. It enables quick, intuitive interpretation and provides the potential benefit of spatial context between tissues. However, pixel-wise mapping uses much lower SNR data to estimate T2* when compared to region-based mapping thereby decreasing both its accuracy and precision. In...

Plume-in-grid (PinG) models incorporating a host Eulerian model and a subgrid-scale model (usually a Gaussian plume or puff model) have been used for the simulations of stack emissions (e.g., fossil fuel-fired power plants and cement plants) for gaseous and particulate species such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM) and mercury (Hg). Here, we describe the ex...

The interconnectivity between excitatory and inhibitory neural networks informs mechanisms by which rhythmic bursts of excitatory activity can be produced in the brain. One such mechanism, Pyramidal Interneuron Network Gamma (PING), relies primarily upon reciprocal connectivity between the excitatory and inhibitory networks, while also including intra-connectivity of inhibitory cells. The causa...

Following the popularity of “involution ", word "Tang Ping" has rapidly become a popular in China's Internet recent years. What are etymology, meaning, philosophical origin “Tang Ping and future trend social identity Ping” culture? This is an interesting question. By tracing literatures, etymology source explored; According to method "species difference + adjacent genus" , meaning " Tang define...

One desirable application of Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) is to detect a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Label Switched Path (LSP) data plane failure. LSP Ping is an existing mechanism for detecting MPLS data plane failures and for verifying the MPLS LSP data plane against the control plane. BFD can be used for the former, but not for the latter. However, the control plane proc...

This paper presents a framework for maximum a posteriori (MAP) speaker adaptation of state duration distributions in hidden Markov models (HMM). Four key issues of MAP estimation, namely analysis and modeling of state duration distributions, the choice of prior distribution, the specification of the parameters of the prior density and the evaluation of the MAP estimates, are tackled. Moreover, ...

A bstract Using the potential non-relativistic quantum chromodynamics (pNRQCD) effective field theory, we derive a Lindblad equation for evolution of heavy-quarkonium reduced density matrix that is accurate to next-to-leading order (NLO) in ratio binding energy state temperature medium. The resulting NLO can be used more reliably describe quark-gluon plasma at low temperatures compared leading-...