The evolution of Earth's climate on geological timescales is largely driven by variations in the magnitude of total solar irradiance (TSI) and changes in the greenhouse gas content of the atmosphere. Here we show that the slow ∼50 Wm-2 increase in TSI over the last ∼420 million years (an increase of ∼9 Wm-2 of radiative forcing) was almost completely negated by a long-term decline in atmospheri...

This paper proposes an approach to improve the cost-effectiveness of the control of variable speed drives in the robotics field. This could be achieved by the association of brushless DC motors (BLDCM)with a reduced structure DC/AC converter that is the three-switch inverter (TSI) equipping a robot arm. In a first step, we devoted the analysis, modelisation and control of a three-switch inverte...

Mainbeam jamming poses a particularly diicult challenge for conventional monopulse radars. In such cases spatially adaptive processing provides some interference suppression when the target and jammer are not exactly co-aligned, but the resulting array pattern is too distorted to be suitable for monopulse processing. The presence of coherent multi-path in the form of terrain scattered interfere...

Transition systems with independence and asynchronous transition systems are noninterleaving models for concurrency arising from the same simple idea of decorating transitions with events. They diier for the choice of a derived versus a primitive notion of event which induces considerable diierences and makes the two models suitable for diierent purposes. This opens the problem of investigating...

The Interactive Translation System (ITS) under development by Translation Sciences Institute (TSI), at Brigham Young University in the United States, faces an interesting challenge. It is a one—to—many system. English is to be translated into Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, and Chinese. The challenge here is that "definitions" in the source language cannot be taylor—made to f i t any one t...

The correlation between the averaged reconstructed March temperature record for Kyoto, Japan, and Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) over 660 years from 1230 to 1890 gives evidence with 98% probability that Little Ice Age four cold periods is forced by variations of TSI. If restricted period 1650–1890, two in 17th 19th century which independent records are available, solar forcing increases 99.99%. A...

Abstract Not only total solar irradiance (TSI) but also spectral (SSI) matter for our climate. Different surfaces can have different reflectivity the visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR). The recent NASA Total Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS-1) mission has provided more accurate SSI observations than before. TSI observed by TSIS-1 differs from counterpart used climate models no 1 W m −2...

Abstract What drives the small total solar irradiance (TSI) changes of ∼50–100 parts per million (compared with >1000 ppm solar-cycle amplitudes) during a deep minimum, i.e., in practical absence detectable sunspots and long-lasting active regions? We consider epoch 2008 June–October investigate multiple data sets (TSI; various Mg ii line-activity indices, extreme ultraviolet fluxes, full-di...

In this paper a technique for the switching of voice communication over existing cabling is described. For example, an existing physical layer like the power grid infrastructure of a building can be used for voice transmission. The hardware implementation and the associated protocol implemented on a microprocessor are described. For such a preinstalled physical medium, the use of a voice commun...