For many years it has been assumed that in silk fibroin, stretched hair and muscle, and other proteins with the ,3-keratin structure the polypeptide chains are extended to nearly their maximum length, about 3.6 A per residue, and during the last decade it has been assumed also that the chains form lateral hydrogen bonds with adjacent chains, which have the opposite orientation. A hydrogen-bonde...

Large sheet thermoforming is widely used for the manufacture of parts such as twin sheet formed gas tanks, body panels and windshields. These complex technical parts require a precise temperature map to be realized prior to forming. In particular, the material used for forming gas tanks incorporates an EVOH barrier layer that is susceptible to tearing when exact processing conditions are not st...

Embiopterans produce silken galleries and sheets using exceptionally fine silk fibers in which they live and breed. In this study, we use electron microscopy (EM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) techniques to elucidate the molecular level protein structure of webspinner (embiid) silks. Silks...

DOI: 10.1002/admi.201500080 concerns pine cones, where asymmetrically positioned differently aligned layers of the nanoand mesoscale cellulose fi brils induce asymmetric water swelling, leading to bending. [ 15 ] In this way, the structure can be considered to be a biological counterpart to so-called bilayer actuators, which are extensively used in technology and science, involving different ex...

Recently, observations from the Polar and Cluster satellites have indicated that largeamplitude kinetic Alfvén waves are observed throughout the plasma sheet, particularly at the plasma sheet boundary layers, during substorms. These waves may be directly produced by reconnection processes in the tail, or indirectly through linear or nonlinear mode conversion or by localized plasma flows in the ...

In this study, a smart single-layer graphene sheet (SLGS) is analytically modeled and its buckling is controlled using coupled polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanoplates. A voltage is applied to the PVDF nanoplate in thickness direction in order to control the critical load of the SLGS. Electric potential distribution is assumed as a combination of a half-cosine and linear variation in order to ...

shadow loss, and the sheet resistance and absorption losses associated with planar layers that facilitate lateral carrier transport to the grid fi ngers. [ 22,23 ] For high effi ciency silicon heterojunction (HIT) solar cells, contact design requires a trade-off between grid fi nger resistance and the sheet resistance and transmission losses of the transparent conducting oxide (TCO)/ amorphous ...

Vortex dynamics is an important research subject for geophysics, astrophysics, engineering, and plasma physics. Regarding vortex interactions, only limited problems, such as point have been studied. Here, the nonlinear interaction of two non-uniform sheets with density stratification investigated using sheet model. These appear, example, in Richtmyer–Meshkov instability that occurs when a shock...