Much has been made of the supposed problem of farmers being exposed to liability for patent infringement based on the inadvertent, or even unavoidable, presence of patented genetically modified plants on the farmer’s fields. It has resulted in calls for limitations on the scope and enforceability of patents that would in all likelihood substantially undercut the ability of many innovators to ob...

Phenotype, whether conventional or extended, is defined as a reflection of an underlying genotype. Adaptation and the natural selection that follows from it depends upon a progressively harmonious fit between phenotype and environment. There is in Richard Dawkins’ notion of the extended phenotype a paradox that seems to undercut conventional views of adaptation, natural selection and adaptation...

The root canal space prepared for a foundation restoration is often elliptic or too large, and an unintentionally prepared undercut is sometimes detected. This article presents a dental laboratory technique to reconstruct an endodontically treated tooth using a pre-impregnated fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) system instead of a conventional fiber post. Particular attention was paid to increase...

There is a family of terms in argumentation that are closely related to each other and that all refer to some way in which a given argument is attacked, rebutted, refuted, undercut, critically questioned or objected to, thereby defeating it or casting it into doubt. Proper understanding of this family of terms is fundamental to argumentation theory and to building argumentation technologies in ...

In addition to well-documented negative effects (e.g., environmental degradation and ethnic conflict) Indonesia’s central government programs of transmigration and industrial forest management subvert indigenous rights (even if unintentionally) through appropriation of forested land and migrant subsidies. Although central control can be an effective strategy for resource management, Indonesia’s...

Graphics processing units (GPUs) have recently evolved into programmable parallel processors capable of performing general-purpose computational tasks. We present some algorithms that utilize GPUs to speed up traditional operations in design and manufacturing. One significant operation in Computer Aided Design (CAD) is the evaluation and rendering of trimmed NURBS surfaces. Another important pr...

We demonstrate a thin-film flip-chip (TFFC) process for LEDs grown on freestanding c-plane GaN substrates. LEDs are transferred from a bulk GaN substrate to a sapphire submount via a photoelectrochemical (PEC) undercut etch. This PEC liftoff method allows for substrate reuse and exposes the N-face of the LEDs for additional roughening. The LEDs emitted at a wavelength of 432 nm with a turn on v...

A self aligned nano scale gap between multiple metal layers has been fabricated using a newly developed technique of controlled undercut and metallization (CUM), and applied for the assembly of an individual carbon nanotube (CNT). The new method enables conventional optical lithography to fabricate nano-gap electrodes and self aligned patterns with nano scale precision. Individual CNTs were ass...

We show that equilibrium involuntary unemployment emerges in a multi– stage game model where all market power resides with firms, on both the labour and the output market. Firms decide wages, employment, output and prices, and under constant returns there exists a continuum of subgame perfect Nash equilibria involving unemployment and positive profits. A firm does not undercut the equilibrium w...

This paper uses an adapted version of the linear tracing procedure, suggested by Harsanyi and Selten (1988), in order to discriminate between two types of multiple Nash equilibria. Equilibria of the same type are pay-off equivalent in the analysed multiple-unit unit price auction where two sellers compete in order to serve a fixed demand. The equilibria where the firm with the larger capacity b...