Undercutting is a fusion welding defect that appears as groove at the weld metal's toe. An undercut discontinuity forms when welding, particularly current applied an extremely rapid rate. It decreases static and fatigue strength of produces stress concentration zone. The height reinforcement, bead's contact angle, undercut's breadth, depth, length, root radius, well other factors, affect factor...

Among the technologies for integrating GaAs devices with Si VLSI chips, epitaxial lifto! (ELO) is conspicuous for maintaining the quality of the single crystal epitaxial GaAs "lms. Traditionally, ELO is implemented in aqueous HF solution. It would be cleaner and simpler if ELO could be implemented in a vapor process. In this article, we will present the potential improvements in the ELO process...

It is now widely accepted that a patient's ability to engage in autonomous decision-making can be seriously threatened when she denies significant aspects of her medical condition. In this paper I use a true case to reveal the harmful effects of physician denial upon patient autonomy and well-being. I suggest further that such physician denial may be more common than is generally acknowledged, ...

The authors have developed a wet, band-gap-selective, photoelectrochemical etching process capable of producing cantilever microelectromechanical systems from InGaN/GaN heterostructures. Fabricated cantilevers were successfully actuated, and resonance spectra were measured. The as-grown strain gradient in the GaN film was found to relax upon removal, resulting in upward curvature of the cantile...