The phylogenetic tree is a widely-used tool to show the evolutionary relationship between taxa. There are many types of trees proposed in literature such as maximum likelihood, neighbor-joining, and UPGMA trees. topologies different not same. Even for same type tree, when they embed nucleotide substitution models, JC69 model, K80 TN93 so on. Although each has its advantages, selecting suitable ...

This study provides a taxonomic revision for Ceropegia sect. Huernia in the flora of Saudi Arabia. Forty-six quantitative and qualitative morphological characters were analysed using principal component analysis (PCA), coordinates (PCoA) unweighted pairs group mean average (UPGMA) to separate help delimit taxa. We propose reduce number species reported Arabia from 11 four: C. khalidbinsultanii ...

Tiller leaf anatomical features of nine Alopecurus species collected from high mountainous areas in Turkey were evaluated the present study. Detailed descriptions studied taxa and an identification key generated using are given. Clustering principal coordinate analysis (PCA) methods applied based on a total 14 characters. Anatomical differences between detected characters taxonomic interest ide...

The problem is to construct an optimal weight tree from the 3 ( n 4 ) weighted quartet topologies on n objects, where optimality means that the summed weight of the embedded quartet topologies is optimal (so it can be the case that the optimal tree embeds all quartets as nonoptimal topologies). We present a Monte Carlo heuristic, based on randomized hill climbing, for approximating the optimal ...

The present study examined the relationship among individual Sarcoptes scabiei mites from 13 wild mammalian populations belonging to nine species in four European countries using the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) as genetic marker. The ITS-2 plus primer flanking 5.8S and 28S rDNA (ITS-2+) was amplified from individual mites by polymerase chain reacti...

Morphological characters and Electrophoretic SDS-PAGE analysis were performed to established genetic diversity for six important lentil varieties of Bangladesh and to elucidate their genetic relationships. Analyses of variance of morphological characters showed significant differences among varieties. The resulted protein banding pattern showed 57.12% polymorphism and could be considered as gen...

The more than 100 almond cultivars grown in Apulia (South Italy) could be a source of genetic variation adapted to the Mediterranean environment, provided that a proper classification, identifying similar characteristics and synonymous cultivars, is made. DNA-based assays could integrate traditional classifications based on morphology. In the comparison of 17 Apulian almond cultivars, by random...

A novel discrete mathematical approach is proposed as an additional tool for molecular systematics which does not require prior statistical assumptions concerning the evolutionary process. The method is based on algorithms generating mathematical representations directly from DNA/RNA or protein sequences, followed by the output of numerical (scalar or vector) and visual characteristics (graphs)...

In order to better understand the fundamental biology of Bacillus thuringiensis, a single oligonucleotide primer (5'-CATSSCCATCAASYTAAVR-3') was used to investigate the distribution pattern of IS231 elements in B. thuringiensis by PCR. The results indicated that IS231 elements appeared in 20 standard strains and 107 of 111 China isolates. Three novel IS231, IS231J, IS231O and IS231Q, five varia...

Ten fungal isolates from coffee beans were morphologically identified as Aspergillus niger, A. ochraceus and A. carbonari-us (N = 5, 3, and 2, respectively). Only one isolate, morphologically identified as A. niger, was unable to produce ochratoxin A (OTA). This may be a new species in the Aspergillus section Nigri. OTA levels in all the other isolates were above the limit of detection (0.15 mg...