OBJECTIVES To conduct a comprehensive evaluation of long term changes in occupational exposure among a broad cross section of industries worldwide. METHODS A review of the scientific literature identified studies that reported historical changes in exposure. About 700 sets of data from 119 published and several unpublished sources were compiled. Data were published over a 30 year period in 25...

The welding of shear stud connectors to structural steel in construction requires a prolonged stooped posture that exposes ironworkers to biomechanical and welding fume hazards. In this study, biomechanical and welding fume exposures during stud welding using conventional methods were compared to exposures associated with use of a prototype system that allowed participants to weld from an uprig...

Change in body size across geographical and temporal scales is a common way in which species, particularly mammals, respond to environmental variation (Dayan et al., 1991; Hadly, 1997; Ashton et al., 2000; Meiri & Dayan, 2003; Smith & Betancourt, 2006). Numerous studies have identified factors that influence geographical variation in body size within species, mainly focusing on climatic variabl...

More than being just a tool for expressing algorithms, a welldesigned programming language allows the user to express her ideas efficiently. The design choices however effect the efficiency of the algorithms written in the languages. It is therefore important to understand how such choices effect the expressibility of programming languages. The paper pursues the very low complexity programs by ...