General relativity in three spacetime dimensions is used to explore three approaches to the “problem of time” in quantum gravity: the internal Schrödinger approach with mean extrinsic curvature as a time variable, the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, and covariant canonical quantization with “evolving constants of motion.” (To appear in Proc. of the Lanczos Centenary Conference, Raleigh, NC, December 1...

We examine the effect of self-gravity in a rotating thick-disk equilibrium in the presence of a dipolar magnetic field. In the first part, we find a self-similar solution for non-self-gravitating disks. The solution that we have found shows that the pressure and density equilibrium profiles are strongly modified by a self-consistent toroidal magnetic field. We introduce 3 dimensionless variable...