Analogous to the Donsker theorem on partial cumulative sums of independent random variables, for one-sample rank-order statistics, weak convergence to Brownian motion processes is studied here. This yields a simple proof of the asymptotic normality of the related rank statistics for random sample sizes. Analogous to the Donsker theorem on partial cumulative sums of independent random variables,...

A number of species richness estimators have been developed under the model that individuals (or sampling units) are sampled with replacement. However, if sampling is done without replacement so that no sampled unit can be repeatedly observed, then the traditional estimators for sampling with replacement tend to overestimate richness for relatively high-sampling fractions (ratio of sample size ...

The practice of grouping the elements of the universe of study into clusters and sampling the clusters is a common feature of sample designs. Dealing with clusters of elements ahnost invariably increases the sampling error of the statistics estimated from the sample. However, clustering usually reduces the per-unit costs of the sampling and data collection. As the cluster size is increased, the...

BACKGROUND Matrix models are widely used to study the dynamics and demography of populations. An important but overlooked issue is how the number of individuals sampled influences estimates of the population growth rate (lambda) calculated with matrix models. Even unbiased estimates of vital rates do not ensure unbiased estimates of lambda-Jensen's Inequality implies that even when the estimate...

INTRODUCTION We investigated sampling methods being used to estimate the HIV prevalence rate among female commercial sex workers. METHODS The studies were classified according to the adequacy or not of the sample size to estimate HIV prevalence rate and according to the sampling method (probabilistic or convenience). RESULTS We identified 75 studies that estimated the HIV prevalence rate am...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Reference limits are widely used in anthropometry, the behavioral sciences, medicine, and clinical chemistry. They describe the distribution of a quantitative variable in a healthy population, and are often a smooth function of age or another determinant. Thus, instead of estimating reference limits separately for several age groups, it is more economical and parsimonio...

In this paper we address the problem of computing state-dependent feedback controls for path integral control problems. To this end we generalize the path integral control formula and utilize this to construct parametrized state-dependent feedback controllers. In addition, we show a relation between control and importance sampling: Better control, in terms of control cost, yields more efficient...

INTRODUCTION In this study, we aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors concerning the transmission routes of an H1N1 pandemic and the protective measures of health professionals at a university hospital in Turkey. METHODOLOGY A stratified systematic sampling method was used to select the sample size of the study group. A total of 22 professors, 29 researchers, and 26 nurses ...

abstract: the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between socialization and gender identity between female students from the university of dezful payme noor. the methodology of this study was survey and used a questionnaire. population of this study was all female students at dezful payme noor university and 384 persons determined as the sample size with using lin table. th...

Shyness and loneliness both are very common in human being. Loneliness is often associated with a variety of personality characteristics which interfere with the formation of interpersonal relationship. In many studies it is found that shyness and loneliness are interrelated with each other. The present study was conducted on college students. The sample size consists of 60 college students (30...