We introduce the notion of a graded integral element, prove the counterpart of the lying-over theorem on commutative algebra in the context of left commutative rngs, and use the Hu-Liu product to select a class of noncommutative rings. Left commutative rngs were introduced in [1]. I have two reasons to be interested in left commutative rngs. The first reason is that left commutative rngs are a ...

As a low-energy effective model emerging in disparate fields throughout all of physics, the ubiquitous $\varphi^4$-theory is one central models modern theoretical physics. Its topological defects, or kinks, describe stable, particle-like excitations that play role processes ranging from cosmology to particle physics and condensed matter theory. In these lecture notes, we introduce description k...

let $r$ be a commutative ring with identity. an ideal $i$ of a ring $r$is called an annihilating ideal if there exists $rin rsetminus {0}$ such that $ir=(0)$ and an ideal $i$ of$r$ is called an essential ideal if $i$ has non-zero intersectionwith every other non-zero ideal of $r$. thesum-annihilating essential ideal graph of $r$, denoted by $mathcal{ae}_r$, isa graph whose vertex set is the set...

let $i$ be a proper ideal of a commutative semiring $r$ and let $p(i)$ be the set of all elements of $r$ that are not prime to $i$. in this paper, we investigate the total graph of $r$ with respect to $i$, denoted by $t(gamma_{i} (r))$. it is the (undirected) graph with elements of $r$ as vertices, and for distinct $x, y in r$, the vertices $x$ and $y$ are adjacent if and only if $x + y in p(i)...

let $r$ be a commutative ring with identity and $mathbb{a}(r)$ be the set   of ideals of $r$ with non-zero annihilators. in this paper, we first introduce and investigate the principal ideal subgraph of the annihilating-ideal graph of $r$, denoted by $mathbb{ag}_p(r)$. it is a (undirected) graph with vertices $mathbb{a}_p(r)=mathbb{a}(r)cap mathbb{p}(r)setminus {(0)}$, where   $mathbb{p}(r)$ is...

Extracting isolated rays from a symplectic manifold result in symplectomorphic to the initial one. The same holds for higher dimensional parametrized under an additional condition. More precisely, let $(M,\omega)$ be manifold. Let $[0,\infty)\times Q\subset\mathbb{R}\times Q$ considered as $[0,\infty)$ and $\varphi:[-1,\infty)\times Q\to M$ injective, proper, continuous map immersive on $(-1,\i...

Categorifying the concept of topological group, one obtains the notion of a ‘topological 2-group’. This in turn allows a theory of ‘principal 2-bundles’ generalizing the usual theory of principal bundles. It is well-known that under mild conditions on a topological group G and a space M , principal G-bundles over M are classified by either the Čech cohomology Ȟ(M, G) or the set of homotopy clas...

In this easy introduction to higher gauge theory, we describe parallel transport for particles and strings in terms of 2-connections on 2-bundles. Just as ordinary gauge theory involves a gauge group, this generalization involves a gauge ‘2-group’. We focus on 6 examples. First, every abelian Lie group gives a Lie 2-group; the case of U(1) yields the theory of U(1) gerbes, which play an importa...

We study a single field inflationary model modified by non-minimal coupling term between the Ricci scalar $R$ and $\varphi$ in context of constant-roll inflation. The first-order formalism is used to analyse inflation instead standard methods literature. In principle, considers two functions field, $W=W(\varphi)$ $Z=Z(\varphi)$, which lead reduction equations motion differential equations. appr...