Nowadays viral hepatitis is one of the most common and important causes of chronic liver disorders in the world. Extrahepatic manifestations of viral hepatitis consist a main part of the disease. The main viruses causing hepatitis include Hepatitis A, B and C viruses. Herein common skin manifestations in hepatitis C virus (HCV) are discussed. Chronic hepatitis causes skin disorders both directl...

background and aims: hemagglutinin (ha) protein of avian influenza (ai) plays an essential role in the virus pathogenicity. ai h9n2 subtype causes significant economic loss in broiler and layer in poultry farms in iran. ai viruses have a great involvement in evolutionary changes at nucleotide and amino acid levels and vaccines could induce faster rates of such changes. up-dated understanding of...

results 111 female and 142 male were available from a total of 253 confirmed h1n1 cases. the minimum and maximum ages were 1.5 and 90 years, respectively. the most common symptoms were fever and cough. 144 cases had record of hospitalization, 100 cases were undergone outpatient treatment and nine cases have not recorded the treatment status. the most frequent underlying manifestation was hypert...

Objective: Coronaviruses and paramyxoviruses, both of which are RNA viruses, have similar structural glycoprotein characteristics. It is considered that antibodies developed against these structures may protect by cross-reaction because the glycoproteins viruses related to their ability infect cell.

Viruses are microbes that have high economic impacts on the ecosystem. Widely spread by humans, plant viruses infect not only crops but also wild species. There is neither a cure nor treatment against viruses. While chemists developed further research of inefficient curative products, relevant concept based sanitary measures consistently valuable. In this context, two major strategies remain in...

Viruses are subcellular, infectious, non-living creatures that can only replicate and metabolize inside the cells of living hosts. Virus taxonomy is classification viruses into categories called taxa. The nomenclature recently gained importance due to exponentially increasing number new discovered. Hence current review on virus aimed provide sufficient updated information readers. Current incre...

abstract background and aims: to identify and isolation of viruses a susceptible cell is need which can be primary or line. the use of primary cells is laborious, time consuming and expensive, while the use of cell lines is much easier and faster. irkhbk cell line was originated from primary cells of bovine kidney by continuous passage. the aim of this study was to introduce the irkhbk cell lin...

background: h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aiv) a have become panzootic in eurasia over the last decade and have caused several human infections in iran since 1998 and inactivated vaccine has been used in chickens to control the disease. objectives: the purpose of this study was to analyze h9n2 viruses that have infected broiler in tehran province, iran between 1998 and 2008 based on matrix gene...