Alternative wastewater treatment systems combat many on-site disposal problems, but no incentives are given to householders to improve the domestic wastewater quality before treatment or disposal. While governments address phosphorus reduction programs, the effect of sodium in wastewater is ignored. Many laundry detergents use sodium salts as fillers, adding significant sodium to the wastewater...

Wastewater collection and treatment is quite important for sustainable management. It would be uneconomical and impractical to provide sewer systems and separate wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) for small communities. The decision process in wastewater planning is rather important in terms of comparing the alternatives considered. The two important points in the management of wastewater at ru...

The characteristics of the slaughterhouse effluents and current wastewater treatment practices in the province of Ontario, Canada are analyzed. Meat processing plants are found to produce large amounts of wastewater due to the slaughtering process and cleaning of their facilities. Furthermore, the composition of the wastewater varies according to the type and number of animals slaughtered and t...

This review presents microbial fuel cells (MFCs) that convert biochemical metabolic energy into electrical energy. Microbes can be fed with waste products rich in organic matter (domestic wastewater, lignocellulosic biomass, brewery wastewater, starch processing wastewater, landfill leachates etc.) to generate electricity. MFCs can also be used for wastewater treatment, as biosensors and produc...

The influence of nutrients in wastewater from dairy lagoons on the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was monitored. Initially, the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in wastewater from which the competing native organisms had been removed by filter sterilization or autoclaving was compared with that in wastewater from which competing organisms had not been removed. Numbers of E. coli O157:H7 or E. ...

A line source sprinkler was used to irrigate corn (Zen ?nays L.) plots with potato (Soianum tuberosum L.)-processing wastewater in 1979, 1980, and 1981. Nitrogen applications ranged from about 4 to 600 kg/ha. Corn yields were measured for each row, the grain and stalks were analyzed for total N, and N uptake was calculated. The plots were split by years, one-third of the area was fertilized wit...

Executive Summary 4 1. Introduction 7 2. Agricultural Reuse 8 2.1 Background 8 2.2 Current WHO Guidelines, and standards for selected countries 8 2.3 Summary of evidence supporting WHO (1989) Guidelines 11 2.3.1 Effects of use of untreated wastewater 11 2.3.1.1 Effects on farm workers or wastewater treatment plant workers 11 2.3.1.2 Effects on consumers of vegetable crops 12 2.3.2 Effects of us...

In this study, twelve Mallards living in an artificial wastewater wetland were exposed to treated wastewater containing 1 x 104 x 10 enterococci 100 ml for a period of 55 days. Faecal samples were collected before, during and after exposure and analysed for Enterococcus spp. The isolates were phenotyped using the PhenePlate system. 270 Enterococcus spp. of Mallard origin were analysed, together...

In Japan, the coverage rate of domestic wastewater treatment among the population was 82.4% at the end of FY 2006, but the coverage rate of domestic wastewater treatment in areas with a population of 50,000 or less remains low (about 65%). In addition, because a smallscale treatment system requiring low construction and maintenance costs is sought because of municipalities’ financial difficulti...

Swine wastewater is characterized by high organic matter content, solids, nitrogen (expressed as total ammonia and protein) and heavy metals. This work determines the methanogenic toxicity effect of free ammonia contained in swine wastewater comparing raw swine wastewater (RW) and the liquid fraction of swine wastewater (TW). The values of IC50 (50% of inhibition) obtained for methanogenic bact...