in this paper, we have studied the effect of population on iranian economic growth by using optimal growth theory. optimal growth theory is a nonlinear dynamic planning. classical approaches in mathematics are used for solving these nonlinear systems. but, in this study, we have used genetic algorithm (ga) method. as results show, it seems that population growth in previous years (1350- 1386), ...

Combustible and smokeless tobacco use causes adverse health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease and multiple types of cancer (1,2). Standard approaches for measuring tobacco use include self-reported surveys of use and consumption estimates based on tobacco excise tax data (3,4). To provide the most recently available tobacco consumption estimates in the United States, CDC used federal e...

AIMS We sought to examine the fall in age of first drinking in Ireland and to determine whether there were gender differences. We also aimed to determine whether there was a relationship between the per capita alcohol consumption evident when people entered later adolescence and their age of drinking onset. METHODS Information on age of first drinking was based on retrospective recall of 9832...

water is an essential yet constrained commodity for human communities and ecological systems depend on it. with population growth and economic development, water resource is increasingly declining. over the past two decades, because of changes in population and climate, and relative welfare increase, the per capita consumption of water has increased. thus, optimal use of available water resourc...

OBJECTIVE To describe children's consumption of processed foods and its relationship with per capita family income based on a household survey. METHODS Food consumption was studied in a statistical sample of 718 children living in the city of São Paulo in the period 1995-1996. A 24-hour dietary recall was used. Data regarding the association of children's consumption of 24 processed foods and...

China has the highest pork consumption in the world. As incomes increase and the urbanization process accelerates, the consumption of pork by Chinese residents will continue to grow. This paper studies the proportion of the household pork consumption account and examines the use of apparent pork consumption as a bridge that links consumption and production. Based on the pork consumption of urba...

BACKGROUND High intake of sugar-sweetened beverages in childhood is linked to increased risk of obesity and type II diabetes later in life. Using three nationally representative surveys of dietary intake, we investigated beverage patterns and trends among US school-aged children from 1989/91 to 2007/08. METHODS 3, 583 participants ages 6-11 y old were included. We reported per capita trends i...

The Australian per capita consumption of ruminant meat such as beef and lamb has declined over the last two decades. Over the same period, however, per capita consumption of non-ruminant meat such as chicken and pork has continued to increase. Furthermore, it is now observed that the human consumption of kangaroo meat is on the rise. This study investigates the implications of these changes in ...

Although the Japanese water sector is economically and socially important, few empirical studies are available to help analysts and policy-makers understand the performance patterns in the industry. This study applies non-parametric methods to 5,538 observations on 1144 utilities that supplied drinking water between 2004 and 2007. With a comprehensive census of utilities, the present study cont...

fluoride is one of the most important elements in the composition of teeth and bones. this element can enter the body via different ways. however, drinking water is the most important way to receive fluoride by a lot of people. an increase in fluoride level in the body causes dental fluorosis and its absence leads to teeth decay. standard rate of fluoride in drinking water is determined by the ...