Albert Camus (1913-1960) was born in Algeria, which was then a French colonial possession. His father was killed in battle in World War I a year after Albert’s birth, leaving his family in poverty. Camus worked his way through the university of Algiers by doing odd jobs, but dropped out after a severe bout of tuberculosis. He then turned to journalism, writing for an anti-colonial newspaper in ...

Gulf War Illness is associated with toxic exposure to cholinergic disruptive chemicals. The cholinergic system has been shown to mediate the central executive of working memory (WM). The current work proposes that impairment of the cholinergic system in Gulf War Illness patients (GWIPs) leads to behavioral and neural deficits of the central executive of WM. A large sample of GWIPs and matched c...

Although a small number of landmines were introduced into modern warfare during World War I, the tactics of landmine use, both in the deployment and removal, did not become clear until World War II. By 1939, the German and Italian armies had developed both antitank and antipersonnel landmines, which were used effectively against the Allied forces. Naturally, the Allies developed techniques for ...

Throughout the early 1950s, as the Korean War raged, a single contentious question consumed political debate in the United States: Who lost China? Political opponents tossed this question back and forth hoping that the tar baby would stick to someone on the other side and let them affix blame both for the Korean War and, more importantly, for allowing communists to seize control of the most pop...

8001 Natural Bridge Road St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4499 Most American municipalities that incorporated prior to 1930, regardless of population size or geographic region, contain a downtown district. These traditional downtowns usually constituted the community’s retail hub, featured a highdensity walkable setting, and were at the center of community and civic life. The decades following World W...

This study aims to present evidence of censorship during World War II by the Independent State of Croatia of one of its public health officials, Dr. Stanko Sielski who was a physician trained in epidemiology and public health. During World War II, he directed the Institute for Combating Endemic Syphilis in the Bosnian town Banja Luka. The staff under his direction consisted solely of Jewish phy...

The paper focusses its attention to the medical work of the British Military hospitals stationed in Macedonia during the First World War, the surgical work carried out under very heavy conditions in improvised operating theatres as well as the treatment of the wounded and sick solders brought from the battlefields on the Macedonian Front.

Nobel-winning Sir Winston Churchill in his history of the Second World War wrote a chapter on the "wizards" who had helped Britain win the war in the air by the development and use of radar. William Grey Walter (1910-1977) was one of those young wizards. He used his experience to design and construct a life-like robot with a nonlinear dynamic brain, which offered an existence proof that brains ...

This paper argues that the concept of the civilian is a specific way of viewing non-combatants that can be traced to the First World War. Before the war, non-combatants were seen by the law and the prevailing culture as citizens. The citizenwas potentially and probably aggressive, bound to the fate of his or her state and, therefore, granted only minimal protection by law. The war, however, bro...

Sir Hugh Cairns, the first Nuffield Professor of Surgery in Oxford and consultant neurosurgeon to the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War II, was a leader in helping to establish neurosurgery as a speciality in Britain. After learning the craft from Dr Harvey Cushing in Boston, Cairns fought against the general surgical orthodoxy in London to establish the first specialised neurosurgical ...