The TRIPS Agreement of the World Trade Organization (WTO) mandated the introduction of protection of intellectual property rights, notably patents, for pharmaceutical products. While the implications for the access to medicines contained in the terms of this Agreement raised significant concerns, a recent new wave of free trade agreements, negotiated outside the WTO, requires even higher levels...

Leader turnover leads to the initiation of anti-dumping (AD) investigations among WTO member-states with AD codes on their books. This effect is larger in autocratic states. New autocratic leaders, under pressure from their supporters, may use their AD code to provide quick, WTO-legal trade barriers to protect those import-competing industries or firms that are members of their (usually narrow)...

This paper examines the reform outcome of the Uruguay Round relating to trade in agriculture, the nature of the unfinished reform agenda and policy choices for the Doha Round, with special emphasis on the position of developing in trade negotiations. A key policy inference is that, to be effective, agricultural trade liberalisation should involve simultaneous reforms of the trade regime and dom...

Abstract China’s participation in the World Trade Organization (WTO) has been a rollercoaster of milestones and frictions. China emerged as leading trading nation, which contributed to expansion world trade. Some its partners, however, most vocally United States, complain that reached new status by eluding WTO commitments. Under President Trump, States reacted strongly against China, almost bri...

The World Trade Organization (WTO) has a significant impact on international business activities due to its actions and decisions that set the rules of trade. However, our understanding how WTO affects firm behavior is limited. Taking advantage variations in entry dates Organization, we perform difference-in-differences estimation examine whether country’s accession significantly increases firm...

Agriculture has been a key issue of North-South struggle at the WTO. Emerging powers like China, India and Brazil have portrayed themselves as leaders Global South, crusading to make trading system fairer for developing countries. This article analyzes three cases – cotton dispute, subsidies public stockholding that center WTO negotiations dispute settlement on agriculture since collapse Doha R...

Australia is a federation of States. This political structure necessitates collaborative arrangements between Australian governments to harmonize national regulation of gene technology and food standards. Extensive political negotiation among institutions of federal government has managed regulation of GM crops and food. Well-developed human resources in Australian government provided numerous ...

Several Central and Eastern European countries are on their way to becoming members of the European Union. Agriculture and agricultural policy is an important issue in EU enlargement. This paper reviews the changes that have occurred in the agricultural and food sector of the CEECs and draws implications for the impact of EU enlargement on agri-food markets and policy. First, those countries wh...

Legal aspects of e-commerce have recently been extensively explored in a number of academic fora. The subject matter of cyberlaw has increasingly gained the recognition of legal community as a distinct area of legal analysis at the national, regional and global levels with the EU directives relating to e-commerce being fine examples of regulatory framework under development, ratification and im...

What’s the Buzz? In the summer of 2002, I started to circulate research that argued it is not clear that the World Trade Organization (“WTO”) or its pre-1995 predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (“GATT”) have actually increased trade. My argument was empirical and used two sorts of evidence. First, in my 2004 paper, I used bilateral and multilateral data sets to show that trad...