By discovering how chemical compounds/xenobiotics cytotoxicity is affected when their metabolic pathways are inhibited or activated, the metabolic pathways that activate versus detoxify chemical compound can be identified. Reactive metabolites contributing to cytotoxicity can also be identified. In this lecture, the pretreatment of inhibitors and activators of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes as...

The oxidative phosphorylation system is important for adipocyte differentiation. Therefore, xenobiotics inhibitors of the oxidative phosphorylation system could affect adipocyte differentiation and adipokine secretion. As adipokines impact the overall health status, these xenobiotics may have wide effects on human health. Some of these xenobiotics are widely used therapeutic drugs, such as ribo...

The pulmonary innate immune system has evolved over millions of years to provide swift detection of inhaled microbial agents and trigger well-balanced protective responses. Much more recent on the evolutionary scale is human activity, which has resulted in the release of a new class of potentially harmful, non-microbial compounds into the air. These xenobiotics include combustion by-products su...

Xenobiotics causing a variety of toxicity in biological systems could be classified as two types, inorganic and organic chemicals. It is estimated that the organic xenobiotics are responsible for approximately 80~90% of chemical-induced toxicity in human population. In the class for toxicology, we have encountered some difficulties in explaining the mechanisms of toxicity caused especially by o...

Many xenobiotic compounds exert their actions through the release of free radicals and related oxidants 12, bringing about unwanted biological effects 3. Indeed, oxidative events may play a significant role in tobacco toxicity from cigarette smoke. Here, we demonstrate the direct in vitro release of the free radical nitric oxide (*NO) from extracts and components of smokeless tobacco, including...