Inhalable glycol chitosan-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles containing palmitic acid-modified exendin-4 (Pal-Ex4) (chitosan Pal-Ex4 PLGA NPs) were prepared and characterized. The surface morphology, particle size, and zeta potential of chitosan Pal-Ex4 PLGA NPs were investigated, and the adsorption and cytotoxicity of chitosan Pal-Ex4 PLGA NPs were evaluated in human lun...

OBJECTIVE Nephrotic syndrome, a kidney disease with a variety of causes, is mainly characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, and ascites. This study was designed to evaluate the underlying mechanism of action of Plantago asiatica L. (PAL) in treating nephrotic syndrome induced by puromycin aminonucleoside. METHODS PAL has been used in Asia as a traditional medicine and dietary heal...

The Tol-peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PAL) system of Escherichia coli is a multiprotein complex of the envelope involved in maintaining outer membrane integrity. PAL and the periplasmic protein TolB, two components of this complex, are interacting with each other, and they have also been reported to interact with OmpA and the major lipoprotein, two proteins interacting with the peptidog...

Phylogenetic Analysis Library (PAL) is a collection of Java classes for use in molecular evolution and phylogenetics. PAL provides a modular environment for the rapid construction of both special-purpose and general analysis programs. PAL version 1.1 consists of 145 public classes or interfaces in 13 packages, including classes for models of character evolution, maximum-likelihood estimation, a...

Background: Increased physical activity is a cornerstone of type 2 diabetes prevention. Perception of a need to change is considered essential in behaviour change process. However, existing literature on perceived need to change health behaviour is limited. In order to broaden the understanding of diabetes prevention by increased physical activity levels (PAL), we assessed factors associated wi...

Background Palbociclib (PAL), a novel small-molecule inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 for the treatment of advanced breast cancer, has demonstrated significant efficacy in prolonging progression-free survival when added to existing therapies. Considering the high cost of PAL, we assessed cost-effectiveness of adding PAL to usual care in treatment of advanced breast cancer. Method...

Glucuronidation is an important pathway in the metabolism of protocatechuic aldehyde (3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, PAL). However, the metabolites and primary UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isozymes responsible for PAL glucuronidation remain to be determined in human. Here, we characterized PAL glucuronidation by human liver microsomes (HLMs), human intestine microsomes (HIMs), and 12 recombina...