Mobile ad hoc network, abbreviated as MANET, is flexible, self-configuring, wireless ad-hoc network. MANET do not require pre-existing or pre-defined infrastructure, instead it configures and creates a network dynamically. All available nodes (devices) in MANET act as routers and are allowed to move freely in any direction, even in and out of network. Communication in a network with such high l...

The present paper considers weighted clustering algorithms for mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) and wireless sensor networks (WSN). First, we summarize the similarities and differences between the two types of networks as then examine the existing weighted clustering algorithms proposed so far. We specifically examine the objective functions and performances of the algorithm in terms of various p...

Water cycle algorithm (WCA) is a new metaheuristic algorithm which the fundamental concepts of WCA are derived from nature and are based on the observation of water cycle process and how rivers and streams flow to sea in the real world. In this paper, the task of sizing optimization of truss structures including discrete and continues variables carried out using WCA, and the optimization result...

We find that the density dependence of the glass transition temperature of Lennard-Jones (LJ) and Weeks-Chandler-Andersen (WCA) systems can be predicted from properties of the zero-temperature (T=0) glasses. Below a crossover density ρs, LJ and WCA glasses show different structures, leading to different vibrational properties and consequently making LJ glasses more stable with higher glass tran...

Wetlands respond to nutrient enrichment with characteristic increases in soil nutrients and shifts in plant community composition. These responses to eutrophication tend to be more rapid and longer lasting in oligotrophic systems. In this study, we documented changes associated with water quality from 1989 to 1999 in oligotrophic Everglades wetlands. We accomplished this by resampling soils and...

In this paper, we have to concentrate on implementation of Weighted Clustering Algorithm with the help of Genetic Algorithm (GA).Here we have developed new algorithm for the implementation of GA-based approach with the help of Weighted Clustering Algorithm (WCA) [4]. Cluster-Head chosen is a important thing for clustering in ad-hoc networks. So, we have shown the optimization technique for the ...

Increased nutrient loading to the northern Everglades from the nearby Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) has raised concerns of eutrophication of this oligotrophic wetland. A field study was conducted to determine the influence of nutrient loading on spatial distribution of P, N, C, and related physico-chemical parameters in the peat soils (Histosols) of Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA-2A) in t...

We consider a multi-cluster, multi-hop packet radio network architecture for wireless systems which can dynamically adapt itself with the changing network configurations. Due to the dynamic nature of the mobile nodes, their association and dissociation to and from clusters perturb the stability of the system, and hence a reconfiguration of the system is unavoidable. At the same time it is vital...

The need to integrate environmental responses at the landscape scale is a reoccurring theme in biogeochemistry and ecology. This linkage can be addressed by using geostatistics to examine spatial patterns and then assessing the relationships of these patterns to known ecosystem drivers. In this study, we used a stratified random sampling design to collect soil cores from 388 sites to quantify t...

A facile in situ and UV printing process was demonstrated to create self-cleaning synthetic replica of natural petals and leaves. The process relied on the spontaneous migration of a fluorinated acrylate surfactant (PFUA) within a low-shrinkage acrylated hyperbranched polymer (HBP) and its chemical immobilization at the polymer-air interface. Dilute concentrations of 1 wt. % PFUA saturated the ...