Dopamine acts through two classes of G protein-coupled receptor (D1-like and D2-like) to modulate neuron activity in the brain. While subtypes of D1-like and D2-like receptors are coexpressed in many neurons of the mammalian brain, it is unclear how signaling by these coexpressed receptors interact to modulate the activity of the neuron in which they are expressed. D1-like and D2-like dopamine ...

Using multiunit recording of action potentials from the whole nerve with the aid of external perfusion, we investigated the effects of dopamine (DOP) agonists that are involved in modulatory actions on synaptic transmission in the isolated labyrinth preparations of frogs. The external application of DOP (0.1-1 mM), the D(1) agonist chloro-APB hydrobromide (CAPB, 50-100 microM) and the D2 agonis...

Opioid receptors are currently classified as mu (mu: mOP), delta (delta: dOP), kappa (kappa: kOP) with a fourth related non-classical opioid receptor for nociceptin/orphainin FQ, NOP. Morphine is the current gold standard analgesic acting at MOP receptors but produces a range of variably troublesome side-effects, in particular tolerance. There is now good laboratory evidence to suggest that blo...

Dopamine-modulated behaviors, including information processing and reward, are subject to behavioral plasticity. Disruption of these behaviors is thought to support drug addictions and psychoses. The plasticity of dopamine-mediated behaviors, for example, habituation and sensitization, are not well understood at the molecular level. We show that in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a D1-like...

The Degree of Polarization (DoP) a light beam inside medium contains unique information about the medium. 3D imaging techniques constitute an optimal procedure for determining DoP under low conditions, as computational reconstruction process can increase signal-to-noise ratio detected light. definition division by total number photons from sensor. However, photon starved at single time period m...