This study examines the nonlinear effect of energy use including coal, gas, oil, and electricity on CO2 emissions in European Union (EU) countries. Annual panel data twenty-one countries i.e. Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Netherland, Norway, Spain, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine from 19...

The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of crude oil price on global fertilizer prices in both the mean and volatility. The endogenous structural breakpoint unit root test, ARDL model, and alternative volatility models, including GARCH, EGARCH, and GJR models, are used to investigate the relationship between crude oil price and six global fertilizer prices. The empirical result...

Amaç: Çevresel teknolojilerin, kaynak kullanımındaki maliyetleri azaltması sebebiyle, toplam faktör verimliliği üzerinde olumlu etkilere sahip olduğu yönündeki temel argüman, literatürde son zamanlarda sıklıkla tartışılmaktadır. Buradan hareketle çalışmanın amacı, çevresel inovasyonların üzerindeki etkilerinin ortaya konulmasıdır.Yöntem: Toplam 41 ülkenin 1999-2014 dönemine ait verileri kullanı...

Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyse the influence exchange rate shocks on foreign trade (exports and imports) fifteen economies within ECOWAS sub-region. To accomplish goal paper, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) procedure was employed investigate impact volatility in market has both long- short-term with data between 1980 2020. compute volatility, it relied GARCH (1, 1) model...

The primary aspiration of this paper is to learn about the effects economic growth, energy consumption, agriculture and irrigation water consumption productivity on environmental pollution in five countries Central Asia. data cover period from 1992 2020 by applying panel models, namely Panel FMOLS, DOLS ARDL-PMG approaches. results indicate that there a positive long-term impact productivity, e...

Purpose Globalization occupies a central research activity and remains an increasingly controversial phenomenon in economics. This corresponds to subject that can be criticized through its impact on national economies. On the other hand, world economy is evolving liberalized environment which foreign direct investment plays fundamental role economic development of each country. The advent finan...

Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan pek çok ekonominin temel sorunları arasında yer alan gelir dağılımı eşitsizliğinin sosyal ekonomik olmak üzere birçok nedeni bulunmaktadır. Kamu harcamalarının artmasına bağlı olarak kamu gelirlerinin harcamalarını karşılayamaması nedeniyle meydana gelen borçlanma da bir dikkat çekmektedir. Bu sebeple bu çalışmada ile borçları arasındaki ilişki 15 OECD ülkesi için 20...