The Voyager and Galileo images of Europa and the Viking Orbiter images of Phobos revealed the surface cracking and fracture systems of the satellites of Jupiter and Mars. The complex system of lineaments and grooves cover the whole surface of these satellites. Based on earlier studies we compared the main characteristics of these structures and propose a joint model of the layered structure (Ph...

Galileo Orbiter measurements of energetic ions (20 keV to 100 MeV) and electrons (20–700 keV) in Jupiter’s magnetosphere are used, in conjunction with the JPL electron model (<40 MeV), to compute irradiation effects in the surface layers of Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Significant elemental modifications are produced on unshielded surfaces to approximately centimeter depths in times of ≤106 ...

Hydrothermal plumes may be responsible for transmitting tidally-generated heat from Europa’s rocky interior through a liquid ocean to the base of its ice shell. This process has been implicated in the formation of chaos regions and lenticulae by melting or exciting convection in the ice layer. In contrast to earlier work, we argue that Europa’s ocean should be treated as an unstratified fluid. ...

BACKGROUND The EUropean trial on Reduction Of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease (EUROPA) trial has recently reported. OBJECTIVE To assess the cost effectiveness of perindopril in stable coronary heart disease in the UK. METHODS Clinical and resource use data were taken from the EUROPA trial. Costs included drugs and hospitalisations. Health-related quality of...

I. De Simone, N. Coceani, R. Farra, S. M. Fiorentino, G. Grassi, R. Lapasin, D. Hasa, B. Perissutti, M. Grassi, and D. Voinovich Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127, Trieste, Italy Department of Engineering and Architercture, Piazzale Europa, I-34127, Trieste, Italy Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Stra...

The rotational state of Europa is only rather poorly constrained at present. It is known to rotate about an axis that is nearly perpendicular to the orbit plane, at a rate that is nearly constant and approximates the mean orbital rate. Small departures from a constant rotation rate and oscillations of the rotation axis both lead to stresses that may influence the location and orientation of sur...

[1] Triton and Europa each display a variety of distinctive curvilinear ridges and associated troughs. Here we propose that ridges on Triton may have formed by diurnal tidal stresses, in a manner similar to that proposed for ridge formation on Europa. The greater width of ridges on Triton is likely a consequence of the lower surface temperature and greater brittle-ductile transition depth on th...

Trace element abundances in the sputtered extended atmospheres of the Galilean satellites reflect the surface abundances of these trace elements and can thus serve as signatures of surface processes on these satellites. We have measured sodium and potassium abundances in the extended atmospheres of Europa and Io, and derive sodium-to-potassium ratios of 25 ± 2 and 10 ± 3. The large difference b...

This paper presents the design of a mission to Europa using solar electric propulsion as main source of thrust. A direct transcription method based on Finite Elements in Time was used for the design and optimisation of the entire low-thrust gravity assist transfer from the Earth to Europa. Prior to that, a global search algorithm was used to generate a set of suitable first guess solutions for ...