The membrane fouling index, widely used in the reverse osmosis (RO) membrane industry, is developed mainly to assess the fouling potential of particulate matter. However, the fouling potential by organic matter should also be accurately evaluated as the productivity loss by organic fouling is often more severe than particle fouling, despite its low concentration in feed water. This study was pe...

We have studied the evolution of sequences which include the RNA polymerase binding sites at the 5' and 3' termini of vesicular stomatitis virus mutants (Sdi-) resistant to defective-interfering particles. We observed a striking stepwise accumulation of stable base substitutions within the area of replication initiation at the 5'-terminal 54 nucleotides of Sdi- mutants isolated at intervals fro...

In spite of continuous organizational efforts and investments, computer abuse shows no sign of decline. According to social control theory (SCT), ‘‘organizational trust’’ can help prevent it by enhancing insiders’ involvement in computer abuse. The aim of our study was to develop a new integrative model for analyzing computer abuse through assessing the role of Self Defense Intention (SDI) and ...

We investigate the potential role Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) can play in eEvironment and various Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) on a local, regional, and national level. eEnvironment is the use and promotion of ICT for the purposes of environmental assessment and protection, spatial planning, and the sustainable use of natural resources. An SDI provides an institutionally sanc...

The Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) has emerged to facilitate the access, delivery and share of spatial information. It also results in greater effi ciency as limited awareness of existing datasets can lead organizations to duplicate data collection and register. SDI is an initiative that creates an environment in which spatial data stakeholders from different jurisdictions can co-operate and...