Glucagon receptor (GR) activity and expression are altered in several diseases, including Type 2 diabetes. Previously, we investigated the mechanism of GR desensitization and internalization. The present study focused on the fate of internalized GR. Using both hamster hepatocytes and human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, we showed that internalized GR recycled to the plasma membrane within 30...

The thermal dependence of kinetic parameters has been determined in purified or partially purified preparations of cold-hardiness-specific glutathione reductase isozymes from red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) needles to investigate a possible functional adaptation of these isozymes to environmental temperature. We have previously purified glutathione reductase isozymes specific for nonhardened (G...

We have measured gastrin receptors (GR) in surgical specimens from 67 patients with primary colon cancers in order to determine the clinical significance of GR in colon cancer. GR analysis was performed on these specimens, and 22 cancers (32.8%) had no detectable GR. Thirty-eight cancers (56.7%) had high-affinity (Kd less than 1.0 nM) levels of GR. Seven cancers (10.4%) had only low-affinity GR...

It is generally agreed that the upper age limit for heart transplantation is 60 years. However, an increasing number of elderly candidates are accepted for heart transplantation. We retrospectively analyzed our experience with a total of 204 consecutive transplantations, performed in 195 adult patients (9 retransplantations) between March 1987 and September 1993. There were 48 patients older th...

In neuronal cells, activated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) translocates to the nucleus guided by the cytoskeleton. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying GR translocation remain unclear. Using gain and loss of function studies, we report here for the first time that the microtubule-associated protein doublecortin-like (DCL) controls GR translocation to the nucleus. DCL overexpression in COS...

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) increases the risk for neurodevelopment delay and neuroendocrine reprogramming in both humans and rats. Neuroendocrine reprogramming involves the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene that is epigenetically regulated in the hippocampus. Using a well-characterized rodent model, we have previously shown that IUGR increases GR exon 1.7 mRNA variant and total GR e...

Mice (GR-i) bearing a transgene encoding a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antisense RNA under the control of a neuron-specific neurofilament promoter were used to investigate the effects of a 4 week chronic mild stress (CMS) on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and the serotoninergic system in a transgenic model of vulnerability to affective disorders. GR-i mice showed a decreas...

Claims have been made recently that glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops sometimes have mineral deficiencies and increased plant disease. This review evaluates the literature that is germane to these claims. Our conclusions are: (1) although there is conflicting literature on the effects of glyphosate on mineral nutrition on GR crops, most of the literature indicates that mineral nutrition in GR cro...

Glucocorticoids are widely used to suppress inflammation and treat various immune-mediated diseases. Some glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-regulated genes mediate the therapeutic response, whereas others cause debilitating side effects. To discover selective modulators of the GR response, we developed a high-throughput, multiplexed system to monitor regulation of 4 promoters simultaneously. An init...

This review highlights the most recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Most effects of glucocorticoids are mediated by the intracellular GR which is present in almost every tissue and controls transcriptional activation via direct and indirect mechanisms. Nevertheless the glu-cocorticoid responses are tissue -and gene- specific. GR associates selectivel...