Abstract Anthropogenic aerosol (AA) forcing has been shown as a critical driver of climate change over Asia since the mid-20th century. Here we show that almost all Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models fail to capture observed dipole pattern optical depth (AOD) trends during 2006–2014, last decade CMIP6 historical simulation, due an opposite trend eastern China compared ...

Abstract. The Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) is a key feature of the stratosphere that models need to accurately represent in order simulate surface climate variability and change adequately. For first time, Climate Model Intercomparison Project includes its phase 6 (CMIP6) set diagnostics allow for careful evaluation BDC. Here, BDC evaluated against observations reanalyses using historical si...

Reproducing the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) remains a challenge in many climate models. This study compares MJO simulation skills 17 pairs of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and 6 (CMIP6) simulations. Generally, characteristics are better reproduced CMIP6, their inter-model spreads obviously reduced CMIP6. However, most CMIP6 models still underestimate frequency initia...

The El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has far reaching impacts through atmospheric teleconnections, which make it a prominent driver of global interannual climate variability. As such, whether and how these teleconnections may change due to projected future remains is topic high societal relevance. Here, ENSO Surface Temperature (TAS) Precipitation (PR) between the historical high-emission si...

Abstract. Polynyas facilitate air–sea fluxes, impacting climate-relevant properties such as sea ice formation and deep water production. Despite their importance, polynyas have been poorly represented in past generations of climate models. Here we present a method to track the presence, frequency spatial distribution Southern Ocean 27 models participating Climate Model Intercomparison Project P...