The deep convective boundary layer (CBL) in the Taklimakan Desert plays an important role climate system East Asia. Based on observation experiment and large-eddy simulation, turbulent mechanisms for its formation were revealed this study. This explained why daily maximum CBL depth was independent of surface heating. In late-morning, there a weak temperature inversion near-neutral residual (RL)...

Vitamin B12, or cobalamin (Cbl), is an essential nutrient. Acquisition, transport, and cellular internalization of Cbl are dependent on specific binding proteins and associated receptors. The circulating transport protein transcobalamin (TC) promotes cellular uptake via binding to specific receptors such as CD320, a receptor upregulated in several cancer cell lines. In this study, we report the...

Casitas b-lineage lymphoma (c-Cbl) is a multiadaptor protein with E3-ubiquitin ligase activity residing within its RING finger domain. We have previously reported that c-Cbl-deficient mice exhibit elevated energy expenditure, reduced adiposity, and improved insulin action. In this study, we examined mice expressing c-Cbl protein with a loss-of-function mutation within the RING finger domain (c-...

Cbl (cobalamin) utilization as an enzyme cofactor is dependent on its efficient transit through lysosomes to the cytosol and mitochondria. We have previously proposed that pathophysiological perturbations in lysosomal function may inhibit intracellular Cbl transport with consequences for down-stream metabolic pathways. In the current study, we used both HT1080 fibroblasts and SH-SY5Y neurons to...

Inside-out signaling regulation of the beta2-integrin leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) by different cytoplasmic proteins, including 14-3-3 proteins, is essential for adhesion and migration of immune cells. Here, we identify a new pathway for the regulation of LFA-1 activity by Cbl-b, an adapter molecule and ubiquitin ligase that modulates several signaling pathways. Cbl-b-/- mice...

Amyloid-? (A?) is the major component of senile plaques in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains. Senile are generally observed cerebral cortex (CTX) rather than cerebellum (CBL) AD patients. However, it not clear why CBL has less A? deposition CTX. It very important to elucidate mechanism suppressing CBL, because contributes understanding only pathogenesis but also prevention and cure AD. In this st...

Evaluating the efficacy of anticancer drugs is an evolving and research-oriented issue. The objective of this study was to reduce the insolubility of chlorambucil (CBL) in water and improve the anticancer activity of CBL in vitro and in vivo through the conjugation of CBL with anionic linear-globular dendrimer (second generation, G2). In the current study, the anticancer activity among three gr...

The human proto-oncogene product c-Cbl and a similar protein in Caenorhabditis elegans (Sli-1) contain a proline-rich COOH-terminal region that binds Src homology 3 (SH3) domains of proteins such as the adapter Grb2. Cb1-Grb2 complexes can be recruited to tyrosine-phosphorylated epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors through the SH2 domain of Grb2. Here we identify by molecular cloning a Droso...

The protooncogene product Cbl has emerged as a negative regulator of tyrosine kinases. We have shown previously that Cbl binds to ZAP-70 through its N-terminal tyrosine kinase binding (TKB) domain. In this study, we demonstrate that overexpression of Cbl in Jurkat T cells decreases the TCR-induced phosphorylation of ZAP-70 and other cellular phosphoproteins. Coexpression of Cbl with ZAP-70 in C...

Casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that negatively regulates T cell activation. Cbl-b-/- T cells are hyper-reactive and co-stimulation independent, and Cbl-b-/- mice demonstrate robust T cell and NK cell-mediated antitumor immunity. As a result of these murine studies, Cbl-b is considered a potential target for therapeutic manipulation in human cancer immunotherapy. ...