This paper present the effects of ocean acidification on growth and domoic acid (DA) content several strains toxic Pseudo-nitzschia australis non-toxic P. fraudulenta. Three each species (plus two subclones australis) were acclimated grown in semi-continuous cultures at three pH levels: 8.07, 7.77, 7.40, order to simulate changes seawater from plausible future levels. Our results showed that lo...

Plant organs are made from multiple cell types, and defining the expression level of a gene in any one cell or group of cells from a complex mixture is difficult. Dicotyledonous plants normally have three distinct layers of cells, L1, L2 and L3. Layer L1 is the single layer of cells making up the epidermis, layer L2 the single cell sub-epidermal layer and layer L3 constitutes the rest of the in...

Infection with the third-stage larvae (L3) of the filarial nematode Brugia results in a Th2-biased immune response in mice and humans. Previously we have shown that the production of interleukin 4 (IL-4) is critical for down-regulating polyclonal Th1 responses in L3-infected mice. However, the in vitro neutralization of IL-4 did not fully recover the defective polyclonal Th1 responses, nor did ...

Although fossil remains show that anatomically modern humans dispersed out of Africa into the Near East ∼100 to 130 ka, genetic evidence from extant populations has suggested that non-Africans descend primarily from a single successful later migration. Within the human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) tree, haplogroup L3 encompasses not only many sub-Saharan Africans but also all ancient non-African l...

BACKGROUND Nature killer (NK) cells are the immune system's first line of defense against both viral infections and tumors. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are associated with susceptibility to different types of cancers. We investigated KIR 2D (L1, L3, L4, S4) and KIR 3DL1 protein expression and their association with survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS T...

BACKGROUND Geohelminths are parasites that stand out for their prevalence and wide distribution, depending on the soil for their transmission. AIMS The aim of this work was to evaluate the predatory capacity of the fungal isolate of the genus Duddingtonia (CG768) on third stage larvae (L3) of Ancylostoma spp. in beach sand under laboratory conditions. METHODS In the assay A five treatment g...

STUDY DESIGN A retrospective study. PURPOSE To determine the exact distal fusion level in the management of thoracolumbar/lumbar adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (TL/L AIS) using pedicle screw instrumentation (PSI). OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE The selection of distal fusion level remains controversial in TL/L AIS. METHODS Radiographic parameters of 66 TL/L AIS patients were analyzed. The patien...

Background Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is an oncofetal antigen expressed by over 50% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors. AFP-L3 is the major isoform present in the serum of HCC patients and is associated with poor patient prognosis. While HCC tumor-derived AFP (tAFP) contains >80% of AFP-L3, cord blood serum-derived AFP (nAFP) contains less than 5% of AFP-L3. Previous studies have proposed an...